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Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

cell

A

smallest living unit and basic unit of function and structure for living things

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2
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic information (DNA deoxyribonucleic acid) and controls the activities of the cell

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3
Q

plasma(cell) membrane

A

aka semipermeable membrane that seperates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid, the interstitial fluid

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4
Q

interstitial fluid

A

contains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters and salts

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5
Q

selectively permeable (semipermeable)

A

the selective nature of the plasma membrane that contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical nature to pass through

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles

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7
Q

organelles “little organs”

A

specialized units in the cell that perform certain functions

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

locations for cellular respiration: the conversion of food to energy at the cellular level - the sites of energy production and ATP

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9
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate - the chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself (in the mitochondria)

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis in the cell - some float freely while others are attached to the ER

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

serves as a means of transport within the cell and is made up of many channels

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12
Q

rough ER

A

rough ER named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface, serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes

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13
Q

smooth ER

A

free of ribosomes and is found in a variety of cells - stores enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins - involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats

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14
Q

golgi complex

A

modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell of export from the cell

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15
Q

lysosomes

A

sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes - responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living of that are malfunctioning and for digesting waste

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16
Q

cell wall

A

plant cells are surrounded by cell walls that contain chloroplasts - the cell wall is for the production of the cell, the maintenance of the shape and water balance

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17
Q

chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll, necessary for photosynthesis

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18
Q

vacuoles

A

plant cells have large vacuoles which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion and storage

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19
Q

DNA

A

found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin and chromosomes

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20
Q

chromatin

A

when a cell is not dividing, DNA is found in this loosely structured form

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21
Q

chromosomes

A

when a cell is dividing, the DNA is seen in this condensed rod-shaped body

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22
Q

mitosis

A

when cells divide, appropriate amount of genetic material is passed on to new “daughter” cells & in somatic (non reproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies of the parent cells; achieved by the doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. Occurs in both plant and animal cells - although slightly different

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23
Q

meiosis

A

zygote - the cell created by the union of the sperm and egg contains a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent. Consists first of a doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent divisions. Thus the products are 4 daughter cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes

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24
Q

tissues

A

cells with a common structure and function

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25
Q

muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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26
Q

epithelial tissue

A

skin, the lining of organs

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27
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons

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28
Q

connective tissue

A

cartilage, blood, fat, bone

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29
Q

organ

A

various tissues combined, which performs a specialized function in the body

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30
Q

organ system

A

after organ, made up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major function

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31
Q

organism

A

highest level of organization, such as the body itself

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32
Q

evolution

A

the theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity we see today

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33
Q

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

1) the present species evolved from ancestral ones & 2) evolution occurs by means of natural slection

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34
Q

natural selection

A

Darwin - the process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce are passed onto following generations

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35
Q

adaptation

A

“survival of the fittest” - the individuals best suited to their environment pass on their traits to their offspring

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36
Q

fossil record

A

consists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages

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37
Q

vertebrates

A

animals with backbones in the order fish>amphibians>reptiles>mammals>birds

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38
Q

biogeography

A

geographical distribution of plants and animals

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39
Q

comparative anatomy

A

comparison of organisms’ structures

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40
Q

comparative embryology

A

comparison of organisms’ embryos

41
Q

molecular biology

A

biology at the molecular level

42
Q

taxonomy

A

study of scientific classification - group species according to their similarities and differences

43
Q

kingdoms (5)

A

classification of taxonomy; animal, plant, monera(bacteria), protists(protozoa, algae, some molds), & fungi (molds, mushrooms, yeast, and the like)

44
Q

next 6 classifications after kingdoms

A

phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The scientific name of an organism is always the GENUS and the SPECIES of the organism, with the genus capitalized & species not. Ex, Escherichia(GENUS) coli (SPECIES) (E.coli)

45
Q

active transport

A

use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the membrane

46
Q

passive transport

A

does not require energy and makes use of diffusion and filtration

47
Q

diffusion

A

particles move in a random manner, spreading evenly throughout an available space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration

48
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water; water moves from an area of high water concentration( or low particle concentration) to an area of low water concentration(high particle concentration)

49
Q

isotonic

A

when the solute concentration of the water is the same as that inside the cell

50
Q

hypertonic

A

when the solute is more concentrated outside the cell than inside it

51
Q

hypotonic

A

when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell

52
Q

filtration

A

the movement of water the solutes through the membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure

53
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances; ex = plants (producers)

54
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain food by consuming plants or other animals; often called consumers

55
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores(plant eaters) or omnivores(plant and meat eaters)

56
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores (meat eaters) or omnivores that eat herbivores

57
Q

tertiary consumers

A

carnivores that eat other carnivores or omnivores

58
Q

divisions of how the organism meets its nutritional needs make up ____ of an ____

A

trophic levels, ecosystem

59
Q

food chain

A

path along which food is transferred from level to level

60
Q

food web

A

the interrelationship of many food chains

61
Q

decomposers

A

bacteria and fungi, which consume nonliving and organic material and release inorganic mateial

62
Q

biotic factors

A

living prats of the cosystem

63
Q

abiotic facors

A

nonliving influences such as temp, humidity, or soil comp

64
Q

symbiosis

A

separate species living together

65
Q

parasitism

A

in which one benefits and one species is harmed, such as tapeworm and human host

66
Q

commenalism

A

in which one species benefits and one is unaffected, such as remora and shark

67
Q

mutualism

A

in which both species benefit such as lichen, which is made up of fungus and an alga

68
Q

biosphere

A

the entire portion of our planet that is inhabited by living things in a variety of ecosystems and communities

69
Q

biomes

A

geographical areas in which groups of ecosystems are common to

70
Q

deciduous forests

A

found in mid-altitude regions of the world, where the air is moist enough to support the growth of large trees; oaks and maples

71
Q

coniferous forests (taigas)

A

found at high and cool elevations, short summers & long chilly winters; conifers such as pine & firs

72
Q

photosynthesis

A

this process it used by autotrophs to produce their own organic molecules from inorganic molecules in the environment; chlorophyll which is in the chloroplasts of plant cells, absorbs light energy

CO2 + H2O + light energy -> carbs + O2

73
Q

cuticle (plant)

A

waxy layer that helps prevent water loss through evaporation

74
Q

stomates

A

pores on the flower surface of the leaves that allow CO2 to enter & O2 to be released during photosynthesis w/o losing too much water

75
Q

angiosperms

A

the flower in flowering plants that is responsible for reproduction

76
Q

sepals

A

encase the flower before it blooms

77
Q

petals

A

used in attracting pollinators

78
Q

stamen

A

consists of the filament, which supports the anther, where the pollen is produced

79
Q

pistil

A

consists of stigma (which receives pollen), and style(which leads to the ovary) & the ovary(which contains the ovules & where fertilization occurs) then turns into seeds

80
Q

genes

A

all living things possess a set of these instructions that determines that characteristics of an organism; located on chromosomes

81
Q

alleles

A

genes in pairs

82
Q

homozygous

A

or purebred, an individual with 2 identical genes for a trait; first explained by Gregor Mendel

83
Q

law of dominance

A

when individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, one trait, called the dominant trait, is expressed and the other trait, called the recessive trait, is masked

dominant = TT, recessive = tt

84
Q

heterozygous

A

(Tt) one allele for each trait

TT + tt = Tt

85
Q

phenotype

A

appearance of the organism, ex. tall

86
Q

law of segregation

A

when 2 heterozygotes are crossed, the hidden trait becomes segregated and appears in 25% of the offspring, expressed by the Punnett square

87
Q

law of independent assortment

A

genes on diff chromosomes are inherited independently of each other; when genes for diff traits are on the same chromosome, the traits are linked

88
Q

codominance

A

when some traits do not show a pattern of dominance & the heterozygote for such a trait expresses the mixture of the two traits; ex. white cat + black cat = cat with black and white patches

89
Q

autosomes

A

nonsex chromosomes; 22 pairs are autosomes + one pair of sex chromosomes (XX-female or XY-male) = 46 in total

90
Q

sex-linked traits

A

genes that are found only on the X chromosome but not the Y;a male need inherit only 1 gene for such a trait from his mother for it to be expressed, but a female has to inherit 2, 1 from each parent; ex = color blindness and hemophilia

91
Q

nucleotides

A

thousands of these make up DNA; which are composed of phosphate group (PO4), and 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base(either adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)

92
Q

double helix

A

the nucleotides form long chains, which are joined to form these, 2 strands of nucleotides are joined by nitrogenous bases connected with hydrogen bonds; DNA molecule = ladder, sugar & phosphate units = uprights, & the pairs of nitrogenous bases = rungs of ladder; the cases can bond only in certain combinations: guanine(G) to cytosine(C) and adenine(A) to thymine(T) -> G-C, C-G, A-T, T-A

93
Q

replication

A

DNA strand opens at the base pairs, free nucleotides are incorporated into the unzipped portion of the DNA, so that the complementary base pairs join to form to exact duplicates; ex. if an unzipped stand has a sequence of ATCGA, it attracts nucleotides TAGCT, the result is 2 replicated DNA molecules that are identical to each other and to the original DNA

94
Q

messenger RNA

A

(m-RNA), DNA serves as a template for the production of this; made in the nucleus, moves out of the nucleus and is attached to a ribosome

95
Q

RNA

A

differs from DNA in that it is single stranded, has the sugar ribose in place of deoxyribose, and replace thymine with uracil*

96
Q

transcription

A

the process of forming m-RNA according to the info contained in the DNA molecule; as in replication, the DNA strand opens but in this case acts as a template for the production of RNA, and the base sequence of the DNA strand determines the nucleotide order in the RNA stand; for ex. if the DNA sequence is GCTTAA, the RNA strand is CGAAUU

97
Q

transfer RNA

A

at the ribosome, (t-RNA) molecules, which are coded for specific amino acids, line up alone the RNA molecule at the ribosome & they align their amino acids according to the code in the m-RNA and form them into proteins; this mechanism produces proteins according to the into coded in the original DNA moclecule

98
Q

gene mutations

A

changes in the DNA nitrogenous base sequence, causing a change in the protein formed

99
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

in which either the structure of the number of chromosomes fails to separate, resulting in such conditions as polyploidy(in which a full set of chromosomes changes, resulting in an individual that could be 3n) or nondisjunction, in which one chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis, such as happens in Down’s syndrome.

Nursing (6 decks)

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