Bio 171 Final Exam

Question 1

What are the ends of the chromosomes called?

Answer 1

Tilomeres

Question 2

What does the I locus on chromosome 9 determine?

Answer 2

Blood type

Question 3

Codominant?

Answer 3

When a single individual expresses two alleles; AB blood type

Question 4

C locus encodes?

Answer 4

Tyrosinase

Question 5

E locus encodes?

Answer 5

MCR1

Question 6

Melanocytes produce and secrete?

Answer 6

They produce pigment and secret melanin

Question 7

Complete lack of TYRP1 gene causes?

Answer 7

Albinoism

Question 8

What is a melanocyte?

Answer 8

A cell that produces melanin

Question 9

What is a melanosome?

Answer 9

Vesicle in the melanocyte where melanin production occurs

Question 10

What does OCA2 pump into the melanosome?

Answer 10

Tyrosine

Question 11

Nonsense mutation?

Answer 11

Changing an amino acid to a stop codon

Question 12

Silent mutation?

Answer 12

Changing a nucleotide, but still gives the same amino acid

Question 13

Y locus encodes?

Answer 13

Phytoene synthase which makes carotene

Question 14

R locus encodes?

Answer 14

Starch synthase

Question 15

Incomplete dominance?

Answer 15

A heterozygote that carries two different alleles which exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous individuals; RR-brown horse, rr-red horse, Rr-roan horse. Rr is incomplete

Question 16

Deficiency of factor 8 gives?

Answer 16

Hemophilia A

Question 17

Dificiency of factor 9 causes?

Answer 17

Hemophilia B

Question 18

E locus effects?

Answer 18

Expression of TYRP1

Question 19

I locus attaches?

Answer 19

A sugar to a protein the Golgi

Question 20

UV light destroys?

Answer 20

Folate

Question 21

UV light is naturally converted to?

Answer 21

Vitamin D

Question 22

Euploid?

Answer 22

Normal number of chromosomes

Question 23

Aneuploid?

Answer 23

Wrong number of chromosomes

Question 24

What does superoxide dismutase cause?

Answer 24

Found on chromosome 21 and causes neuromuscular defects

Question 25

Capase uses what to cut?

Answer 25

Cysteine

Question 26

ICAD stands for?

Answer 26

Inhibitor of caspase activated DNA

Question 27

BCl-2 binds to?

Answer 27

Bax to prevent apoptosis

Question 28

When does p53 act?

Answer 28

During G1 phase

Question 29

p21 directly inhibits what? and responds to what?

Answer 29

Inhibits start kinase. Responds to moderate amounts of damage

Question 30

Hydrogen bonds between Ts and As, and between Gs and Cs?

Answer 30

Ts and As: two | Gs and Cs: three

Question 31

RE?

Answer 31

Response element, binding sites

Question 32

What is TBP and what does it do?

Answer 32

TATA binding protein that utilizes phenylalanine to open DNA

Question 33

7-meg will initiate?

Answer 33

Translation

Question 34

3rd position on anticodon is called?

Answer 34

Wobble position because it accepts different versions of an amino acid

Question 35

eIF4 binds to?

Answer 35

The cap of 7-meg cap

Question 36

What is proofreading?

Answer 36

EF-Tu is bound to GTP and makes sure that the correct tRNA is base paired to the mRNA

Question 37

Peptidyl transfer?

Answer 37

Peptide moves from P site to A site

Question 38

1st elongation cycle?

Answer 38

EFG moves entire ribosome 3 nucleotides down the mRNA

Question 39

When does termination occur?

Answer 39

When proteins called release factors make a cut

Question 40

Protein encoded by the C locus where the c/c genotype is completely unpigmented?

Answer 40

Tyrosinase

Question 41

Substrate on which tyrosinase reacts?

Answer 41

Tyrosine

Question 42

Product of tyrosinase?

Answer 42

Dopachrome

Question 43

Required for the conversion of dopachrome to melanin?

Answer 43

TyrP1

Question 44

Required to activate activate the  | expression of TyrP1?

Answer 44

MCR1

Question 45

Glycosylated protein displayed on red  | blood cells?

Answer 45

Glycophorin

Question 46

Sugar added by the IB gene product to glycophorin’s  | polysaccharide chain in the Golgi?

Answer 46

Galactose

Question 47

Sugar added by the IA gene product to glycophorin’s  polysaccharide chain in the Golgi?

Answer 47

N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 48

Simple Mendelian inheritance?

Answer 48

Cystic fibrosis

Question 49

Incomplete dominance?

Answer 49

Pink Japanese 4o'clock flowers

Question 50

Sex‐linked trait?

Answer 50

Hemophilia A

Question 51

Dihybrid cross?

Answer 51

YR pea mated with yr pea

Question 52

Codominance?

Answer 52

AB blood type

Question 53

Quantitative (multifactorial) trait?

Answer 53

Melanin synthesis

Question 54

Most pleiotropic gene effect?

Answer 54

Cystic fibrosis

Question 55

Disease state correlated with too much uv irradiation which is prevented when melanin is high?

Answer 55

Neural tube defects

Question 56

Required for conversion of U to T?

Answer 56

Methyltetrahydrofolate

Question 57

Disease state correlated with insufficient uv irradiation which is prevented when melanin is low?

Answer 57

Ricketts

Question 58

Converted by UV light to VitD?

Answer 58

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 59

Genetic basis of Down syndrome?

Answer 59

Trisomy 21

Question 60

Cause of aneupyloidy?

Answer 60

Nondysjunction

Question 61

Pro-apoptotic compound produced during electron transport?

Answer 61

Superoxide

Question 62

Anti-apoptotic gene which is overproduced in trisomy 21 which  prevents the normal removal of superfluous neurons during learning?

Answer 62

SOD - superoxide dismutase

Question 63

Condition which can result from loss of SOD?

Answer 63

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Question 64

What is the metabolic carcinogenic product derived from tobacco smoke?

Answer 64

Benzo(a)pyrene

Question 65

What responds to ROS damage to cytosines?

Answer 65

Uracil-DNA glycosylase

Question 66

What is the most direct consequence of uv irradiation to DNA?

Answer 66

Thymine dimer

Question 67

What is the first response to DNA damage which creates single‐and double stranded cuts?

Answer 67

Repair endonuclease

Question 68

What is directly activated by double‐and single‐stranded cuts to DNA?

Answer 68

ATM kinase

Question 69

What does ATM kinase activate and Chk2 kinase protect from Mdm2‐directed proteolysis?

Answer 69

p53

Question 70

What p53-activated expression product redirects DNA polymerase delta/PCNA complexes to sites of DNA repair?

Answer 70

p21

Question 71

Under high levels of DNA damage what puts holes in the outer membranes of mitochondria to leak out cytochrome c?

Answer 71

Bax

Question 72

What protease is activated by the cascade initiated by cytochrome c leaks into the cytoplasm?

Answer 72

Caspase 3

Question 73

What does caspase 3 cut to initate the disintegration of nuclear DNA associated with apoptosis?

Answer 73

ICAD

Question 74

Which of the following mediates the electrostatic attraction between nucleosomes?

Answer 74

lysine

Question 75

Modifies lysines to nullify the electrostatic attraction of histone lysines to adjacent nucleosomal DNA?

Answer 75

CBP

Question 76

Pries open DNA to make a transcription bubble?

Answer 76

TBP

Question 77

A spliceosome is composed of a number of s?

Answer 77

snRNP

Question 78

Which of the following is cut out of primary transcripts by the spliceosome?

Answer 78

intron

Question 79

Which of the following is found at the 5’ end of a primary transcript and organizes the assembly of snRNPs into a spliceosome?

Answer 79

7-meg cap

Question 80

Which of the following is ligated by the spliceosome to form a mature transcript?

Answer 80

exon

Question 81

Which of the following makes a cut just after the sequence AAUAAA as transcription is occuring?

Answer 81

Transcription terminator

Question 82

Which of the following is added to the cut mRNA and increases the lifetime of the mRNA?

Answer 82

Poly A tail