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BIO Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

OVIPAROUS

A

Offsprings that develop in an egg but outside the mother.
EX: Chicken, amphibians (frogs)

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2
Q

VIVIPAROUS

A

Offsprings that develop inside the mother
EX: Humans

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3
Q

OVOVIVIPAROUS

A

Offsprings developed in an egg and within the mother

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4
Q

What technique amplifies the amount of DNA.
What are the 4 ways in which it does this?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1. Denatures the DNA with heat
2. Allows the DNA primers to bind
3. Elongates the complimentary strand using Taq polymerase
4. Repeats

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5
Q

Directional Selection

A

Is when one trait is extremely favored

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6
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Is when traits at both extremes are being preferred

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7
Q

Balancing selection

A

When there is a variation in alleles, rather than selecting for one allele

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8
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When the intermediate phenotypes are favored, while the other two extremes are not. Ex: The white and black mice are not favored but the grey (intermediate) mice are favored.

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9
Q

Calcitonin is released by what?

A

Is released by the thyroids –> stimulates the kidneys to increase calcium excretion –> blocks osteoclasts and decreases calcium blood level

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10
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is stored where?

What does it do to the collecting duct?

A

It is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary glands.

It creates aquaporins in the collecting duct, increasing reabsorption.
More ADH = decreased urine (so more concentrated)
Less ADH = more urine (so less concentrated)

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11
Q

ADH regulates what?

A

It regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption.

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12
Q

ADH is also known as what?

A

Vasopressin and oxycotin

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13
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is regulated by what?

A

The hypothalamus

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14
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

Topic hormones that stimulates other endocrine glands
Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormones (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

Non tropic hormones (That directly affect the targeted organs)
Prolactin
i
Growth hormones

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15
Q

The backbone of DNA is held by what bond?

A

The phosphodiester bond

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16
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds

A

HYDROGEN

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17
Q

Disulfide bond is an important bond in proteins.

It can be found in DNA.

T OR F…why?

A

T, because it can be found in tertiary proteins

F, because it cannot be found in DNA

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18
Q

meiosis produces what type of cells?

mitosis produces what type of cells?

A

4 unique gamete cells

2 identical somatic cells

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19
Q

The process of synapsis?

A

It is the crossing of two homologous chromosomes.

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20
Q

crossing over increases genetic variation.

T OR F?

A

T

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21
Q

Describe what horizontal gene transfer is.

A

The transfer of genes between individuals that create genetic diversification

22
Q

Bacteria are able to ___a___ genetic diversity via ____b____?

a. Increase or decrease?
b. vertical or horizontal

A

a. Increase genetic diversity
b. via Horizontal gene transfer

23
Q

Describe Transformation (a gene transfer)

A

Is a horizontal gene transfer.
It picks up extracellular DNA from a different organism in its environment and incorporates it into its own genome.

I steal from you and add it to mine…so I am changing who I am
(get it? transformed)

24
Q

Describe Transduction (a gene transfer)

A

A horizontal gene transfer.
Bacteriophages (Viruses) transfer bacterial DNA between host cells.

The host is now known as a Prophage

25
Q

Conjugation (a gene transfer)

A

The transfer of bacteria DNA between each other directly via pili.

26
Q

some examples of secondary messengers used in signal transduction.

A

Cyclic AMP
Cyclic GMP
Calcium (Ca2+)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

27
Q

what do secondary messengers do?

A

They relay messages from the surface of the cell to the inside of the cell.

28
Q

Epigenetics?

A

The study of traits that are genetically passed down to daughter cells but the DNA sequence are not altered to form these traits.

BUT environmental factors (like diet) can influence the traits.

29
Q

% cytosine + % guanine
+ % adenine + % thymine = 100%

A

If you add them all up, they should equal 100.

30
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Is when ONE gene affects multiple traits

31
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Multiple genes interact with each other to affect one trait.

32
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction of different genes, and one gene affects the expression of another gene.

Ex baldness gene affects hair color gene because color does not matter if there’s no hair.

33
Q

Blood pressure in blood vessels from highest pressure to lowest pressure.

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

34
Q

TYPE 1 survivorship (K selected species)

A

They have:
* long gestation periods, slow development and late maturation
*Produce fewer offsprings with high survival rates
* High prenatal care and investment
*Ex: Humans and elephnats

35
Q

TYPE II survivorship

A

*Ex: birds
* They do not have a specific period on they die or survive
* in other words, mortality rate is constant

36
Q

TYPE III survivorship (r selected species)

A

They have short gestation periods and low survival rate.
* Produce a high number of offsprings
* Early maturation and suck development
*Ex: frogs and insects

37
Q

Xylem

A

A vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals through the plant

38
Q

Phloem

A

A vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars

39
Q

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur at the same time in the cytosol.

True or False?

A

TRUE

Eg: Bacteria

40
Q

In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, then translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

A

TRUE

41
Q

an enzyme in an inactive, precursor state is referred to as a _____________

A

ZYMOGEN

42
Q

Non competitive inhibitors bind to the ______ site on the enzyme, causing the ______ site to change shape.

A

allosteric; active

43
Q

competitive inhibitors bind to the _________ site of the enzyme

A

active

44
Q

CAM uses what mechanism to reduce photorespiration in hot environments?

A

Temporal Isolation

45
Q

Which plant uses Spatial isolation to avoid photorespiration and water loss. Under what environmental conditions?

A

C4; Under hot

46
Q

what type of mechanism does C3 plants use? Under what environmental conditions?

A

NONE; mild

47
Q

What is temporal isolation in photosynthesis?

A

It is mechanism CAM plants use to temporally separating carbon dioxide uptake and the Calvin cycle.

48
Q

which one of these plants undergo photorespiration?
A. CAM
B. C3
C. C4
D. C2

What happens when this occurs?

A

C3.

RuBisCo binds to Oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, leading to an interruption of the Calvin cycle.

49
Q

The three steps in DNA transcription

A

Initiation: A promoter sequence next to the gene attracts RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene.
Elongation: A transcription bubble forms; RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA in the 5’ → 3’ direction.
Termination: A termination sequence (terminator) signals RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the gene.

50
Q

What are the two main functions of Histamine.

Also what cells release Histamine?

A
  1. Dilate blood capillaries - to increase blood flow
    2.

Biology DAT (1 decks)

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