BIO Flashcards
OVIPAROUS
Offsprings that develop in an egg but outside the mother.
EX: Chicken, amphibians (frogs)
VIVIPAROUS
Offsprings that develop inside the mother
EX: Humans
OVOVIVIPAROUS
Offsprings developed in an egg and within the mother
What technique amplifies the amount of DNA.
What are the 4 ways in which it does this?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1. Denatures the DNA with heat
2. Allows the DNA primers to bind
3. Elongates the complimentary strand using Taq polymerase
4. Repeats
Directional Selection
Is when one trait is extremely favored
Disruptive selection
Is when traits at both extremes are being preferred
Balancing selection
When there is a variation in alleles, rather than selecting for one allele
Stabilizing selection
When the intermediate phenotypes are favored, while the other two extremes are not. Ex: The white and black mice are not favored but the grey (intermediate) mice are favored.
Calcitonin is released by what?
Is released by the thyroids –> stimulates the kidneys to increase calcium excretion –> blocks osteoclasts and decreases calcium blood level
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is stored where?
What does it do to the collecting duct?
It is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary glands.
It creates aquaporins in the collecting duct, increasing reabsorption.
More ADH = decreased urine (so more concentrated)
Less ADH = more urine (so less concentrated)
ADH regulates what?
It regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption.
ADH is also known as what?
Vasopressin and oxycotin
The anterior pituitary gland is regulated by what?
The hypothalamus
What does the anterior pituitary gland release?
Topic hormones that stimulates other endocrine glands
Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormones (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)
Non tropic hormones (That directly affect the targeted organs)
Prolactin
i
Growth hormones
The backbone of DNA is held by what bond?
The phosphodiester bond
The two strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds
HYDROGEN
Disulfide bond is an important bond in proteins.
It can be found in DNA.
T OR F…why?
T, because it can be found in tertiary proteins
F, because it cannot be found in DNA
meiosis produces what type of cells?
mitosis produces what type of cells?
4 unique gamete cells
2 identical somatic cells
The process of synapsis?
It is the crossing of two homologous chromosomes.
crossing over increases genetic variation.
T OR F?
T
Describe what horizontal gene transfer is.
The transfer of genes between individuals that create genetic diversification
Bacteria are able to ___a___ genetic diversity via ____b____?
a. Increase or decrease?
b. vertical or horizontal
a. Increase genetic diversity
b. via Horizontal gene transfer
Describe Transformation (a gene transfer)
Is a horizontal gene transfer.
It picks up extracellular DNA from a different organism in its environment and incorporates it into its own genome.
I steal from you and add it to mine…so I am changing who I am
(get it? transformed)
Describe Transduction (a gene transfer)
A horizontal gene transfer.
Bacteriophages (Viruses) transfer bacterial DNA between host cells.
The host is now known as a Prophage
Conjugation (a gene transfer)
The transfer of bacteria DNA between each other directly via pili.
some examples of secondary messengers used in signal transduction.
Cyclic AMP
Cyclic GMP
Calcium (Ca2+)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
what do secondary messengers do?
They relay messages from the surface of the cell to the inside of the cell.
Epigenetics?
The study of traits that are genetically passed down to daughter cells but the DNA sequence are not altered to form these traits.
BUT environmental factors (like diet) can influence the traits.
% cytosine + % guanine
+ % adenine + % thymine = 100%
If you add them all up, they should equal 100.
Pleiotropy
Is when ONE gene affects multiple traits
Polygenic Inheritance
Multiple genes interact with each other to affect one trait.
Epistasis
Interaction of different genes, and one gene affects the expression of another gene.
Ex baldness gene affects hair color gene because color does not matter if there’s no hair.
Blood pressure in blood vessels from highest pressure to lowest pressure.
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
TYPE 1 survivorship (K selected species)
They have:
* long gestation periods, slow development and late maturation
*Produce fewer offsprings with high survival rates
* High prenatal care and investment
*Ex: Humans and elephnats
TYPE II survivorship
*Ex: birds
* They do not have a specific period on they die or survive
* in other words, mortality rate is constant
TYPE III survivorship (r selected species)
They have short gestation periods and low survival rate.
* Produce a high number of offsprings
* Early maturation and suck development
*Ex: frogs and insects
Xylem
A vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals through the plant
Phloem
A vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur at the same time in the cytosol.
True or False?
TRUE
Eg: Bacteria
In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, then translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
TRUE
an enzyme in an inactive, precursor state is referred to as a _____________
ZYMOGEN
Non competitive inhibitors bind to the ______ site on the enzyme, causing the ______ site to change shape.
allosteric; active
competitive inhibitors bind to the _________ site of the enzyme
active
CAM uses what mechanism to reduce photorespiration in hot environments?
Temporal Isolation
Which plant uses Spatial isolation to avoid photorespiration and water loss. Under what environmental conditions?
C4; Under hot
what type of mechanism does C3 plants use? Under what environmental conditions?
NONE; mild
What is temporal isolation in photosynthesis?
It is mechanism CAM plants use to temporally separating carbon dioxide uptake and the Calvin cycle.
which one of these plants undergo photorespiration?
A. CAM
B. C3
C. C4
D. C2
What happens when this occurs?
C3.
RuBisCo binds to Oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, leading to an interruption of the Calvin cycle.
The three steps in DNA transcription
Initiation: A promoter sequence next to the gene attracts RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene.
Elongation: A transcription bubble forms; RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA in the 5’ → 3’ direction.
Termination: A termination sequence (terminator) signals RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the gene.
What are the two main functions of Histamine.
Also what cells release Histamine?
- Dilate blood capillaries - to increase blood flow
2.
