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BIO-168-003 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells and it contains little to no extracellular matrix. Covers the body, lines cavities, and forms glands.

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substances.
.

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3
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Consists of cells that are highly specialized for the active generation of force for contraction. Can elongate and change shape by becoming either shorter or thicker.

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Composed of neurons and glial cells.

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5
Q

Subdivisions/Connective Tissue; loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

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6
Q

subdivision/connective tissue; Dense connective tissue

A

Dense Regular, Elastic, Dense irregular

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7
Q

Subdivision/connective tissue; supportive connective; cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, Elastic

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8
Q

Subdivision/connective tissue; Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood, lymph

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9
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, glands on skin, nervous system, skin cells, neurons

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Connective tissue, skeletal muscle, red blood cells, smooth muscle

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11
Q

Endoderm

A

lining the airway, and digestive system

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12
Q

Thick skin

A

Palms, hands, soles of the feet. No hair, 5 layers

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13
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers the body, 4 layers, sweat glands

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14
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

fine touch

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15
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

crude touch

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16
Q

Merkel disc

A

light touch

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17
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure, vibration, proprioception

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18
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

sensitive to stretching of skin

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19
Q

Free nerve ending

A

Pain and temperature

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20
Q

Hair

A

A keratinous filament

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21
Q

Nail Bed

A

Rich in blood vessels

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22
Q

Nail body

A

protects the tips of fingers/toes, back support

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23
Q

Lateral nail fold

A

Anchors the nail body

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24
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

oil gland found everywhere, waterproofs skin and hair

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25
Q

Skin cancer

A

An accumulation of DNA mutations

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26
Q

Basal cell

A

epidermis, most common

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27
Q

Squamous cell

A

Middle-outer layers of skin

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28
Q

melanoma

A

Highly metastatic; develops in the cells

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29
Q

epidermis wound

A

cell regeneration

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30
Q

Dermal wound

A

Inflammatory, Migration, proliferation and maturation

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31
Q

5 functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, response, integration, homeostasis, mental

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32
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord

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33
Q

Peripheral nervous

A

Ganglion, nerves

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34
Q

Astrocyte

A

CNS, blood-brain barrier, repair

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35
Q

Ependymal

A

CNS, cilia, makes cerebral spinal fluid

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36
Q

Schwann

A

PNS, forms on mylier, axons

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37
Q

microglia

A

CNS, phagocytosis of bacteria, debris immune cell

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38
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

CNS, forms mylien on axon

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39
Q

Satellite

A

PNS, surrounds & protects neurons

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40
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Dendrites attached to their cell bodies, one long axon

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41
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

2 processes, not very common, one axiom and one dendrites, found in olfactory epithelium and ventricles

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42
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

One long axon from cell body, at one end of axon is the dentries, axon forms synaptic connection

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43
Q

Somatic

A

Responsible for conscious perception, voluntary motor responses

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44
Q

Automatic

A

Involuntary control

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45
Q

Resting potential

A

when ion channels are all closed

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46
Q

Depolarization

A

A shift in cell membrane charge, crucial for nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction

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47
Q

repolarization

A

The return of a cell membrane to its resting potential after depolarization

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48
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in the membrane potential of a cell, making it more negative than its resting potential after depolarization

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49
Q

refractory period

A

When the sodium-potassium pump “corrects” the location of NA+ and K+

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50
Q

Brainstem

A

A “tapering cone”, connects the brain to the spinal cord

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51
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory system

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52
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between the cerebellum & brainstem therefore highly involved in motor controls

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53
Q

diencephalon

A

Connection between the cerebrum& the rest of the nervous sytem

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54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in the regulation of homeostasis and regulation of the pituitary gland

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55
Q

pineal gland

A

Sleep/wake cycle

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56
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, movement, fine motor, muscle tone

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57
Q

frontal

A

language, planned movements

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58
Q

parietal

A

Includes all tactile senses

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59
Q

Temporal

A

Auditory, smell, memories

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60
Q

Occipital

61
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Anterior part of tongue

62
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Posterior part of tongue

63
Q

Vagus

A

Extreme posterior part of tongue, gag reflex

64
Q

Olfactory

65
Q

optic

66
Q

auditory

67
Q

integration

A

processing of sensory information

68
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Protective covering around nerve fibers

69
Q

summation

A

Adding up signals in a neuron

70
Q

synapse

A

Gap between nerve cells where they communicate by sending chemical/electral signals

71
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger

72
Q

rods

A

Very sensitive to lights, cannot detect color, shades of gray, found primarily in peripheral vision, 120 million

73
Q

Cones

A

color vision, 6-7 million, double layer disc w/ photopigments and photopsins

74
Q

static

A

head position

75
Q

Dymanic

A

head movement

76
Q

Hyaline

A

Most bones develop from this, growth & repair, chondroblasts make cartilage matrix

77
Q

Fibro

A

found between vertebral disc, joint capsules, ligaments

78
Q

elastic

A

Found in external ear, larynx

79
Q

osteoid

A

made by osteoblast, organic component, collagen

80
Q

Matrix

A

A complex structure made of organic & inorganic components

81
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone runs between distal and proximal ends of the bone

82
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobs at the end of the bone

83
Q

metaphysis

A

growth zone

84
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline over epiphysis

85
Q

medulla cavity

A

contains yellow bone marrow in adult, hollow

86
Q

periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue covering bone where there is no cartiliage, location of blood vessels

87
Q

Endosteum

A

Line the medullary cavity, growth repair remolding

88
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells, undifferentiated cells that become osteoblast

89
Q

osteoblast

A

Immature bone cells that form bone matrix, becomes trapped in matrix and becomes osteocytes

90
Q

osetocytes

A

Maure osteoblast cells; live in lacunae

91
Q

Osteoclast

A

degrade bone to initiate bone remolding

92
Q

chondroblast

A

produce matrix of cartilage

93
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than wide, movement and support

94
Q

short bones

A

Long as wide, provide support and little movement

95
Q

Irregular bones

A

varying in size

96
Q

flat bones

A

thin, curved, protect internal organs

97
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small, round, forms in tendons

98
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 1

A

Cartilage model of the future bone is formed

99
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 2

A

Cartilage grows and gets surrounded by membrane which will become the future periosteum

100
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 3

A

Blood vessel invade cartilage, bringing osteoblast that replace cartilage with spongy bone at the primary ossification center

101
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 4

A

Appear in the epiphyses of bone, forms spongy bone

102
Q

Endochondral ossification: step 5

A

The epiphyseal plate allows of lengthwise growth of the bone while the cartilage is replaced by bone

103
Q

Endochondral ossification: step 6

A

Eventually, the epiphyseal plate closes, and all cartilage is replaced by bone, resulting in a mature bone

104
Q

steps in bone repair:step 1

A

6-8 after a fracture hematoma is formed

105
Q

steps in bone repair: steps 2

A

cells within hematoma develop into fibroblast, which makes collagen. Collagen forms a soft callus to stabilize the facture bone

106
Q

steps in bone repair: step 3

A

The fibrocartilaginous callus is slowly replaced by stronger bony callus, made by spongy bone, created by osteoblast

107
Q

steps in bone repair: step 4

A

Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring the bone’s strength/shape

108
Q

Fascia

A

Broad tendon

109
Q

sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

110
Q

T-tubules

A

Indentations of sarcolemma, penetrate the fibers, brings membrane close to SR; forms a trad

111
Q

muscle fatigue

A

The inability of a muscle to contract in response to the nervous system signals

112
Q

muscle relaxtion

A

Occurs when the nerve impulse stops

113
Q

tetany

A

Involuntary contraction of muscles that lead to pain

114
Q

muscle tension

A

The force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contact

115
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

when the skeletal muscle tension is insufficient to overcome resistance

116
Q

muscle tone

A

partially contracted, helps humans stay up right and move

117
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Multi-nucleated, long, cylindrical, striated, voluntary; attached to bones

118
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Branching fibers that connect, intercalated disks, 1 or 2 nuclei, only found in the heart, striated and involuntary

119
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Single nucleus, spindle-shaped fibers, non-striated muscle fibers

120
Q

sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers

121
Q

myosin

A

arrange themselves to create thick filament

121
Q

actin

A

need for movement for contraction, sliding mechanism that lets muscles to contract and relax

122
Q

events at NMJ: step 1

A

Nerve impulse reaches NMJ

123
Q

events at NMJ: step 2

A

voltage -gated calcium channels open, calcium moves into cell

124
Q

events at NMJ: steps 3

A

Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft

125
Q

events at NMJ: steps 4

A

ACH diffuses across left

126
Q

events at NMJ: steps 5

A

Ach binds to receptors on motor end plate

127
Q

events at NMJ: step 6

A

ligand-gated na+ channels open na+ and diffuses into the muscle fibers

128
Q

events at NMJ: step 7

A

depolarization of muscle fibers

129
Q

events at NMJ: step 8

A

Action potential rapidly spreads along entire membrane

130
Q

events at NMJ: step 9

A

membrane repolarizes resting membrane potential is restablished

131
Q

events at NMJ: step 10

A

acetylcholinesterase removes ach form cleft receptors and recycles its components be used again

132
Q

Description of sliding filament model

A

Thin filaments are pulled past thick filaments. myofilament does not change length during muscle contraction, they slide over. Sliding only occurs when myosin-binding sites are exposed and calcium is present. During contraction actin filaments move forward to the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere shortens.

133
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 1

A

Atp binds to each myosin

134
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 2

A

transfers phosphate

135
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 3

A

action potential travels down the sarcolemma

136
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 4

A

Ca+ releases channels open in SR

137
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 5

A

ca+ binds to troponin

138
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 6

A

Tropomyosin moves off the myosin binding site on the actin

139
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 7

A

myosin molecules change shape- power stroke pulls actin filament towards h-zone

140
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 8

A

Atp binds to the myosin

141
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 9

A

Myosin head detaches form actin & returns to cocked position and process start all over again

142
Q

glycosis

A

Breakdown of glucose in cytosol of the cell

142
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

a molecule with a high energy chemical bond, helps regenerate atp

143
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

glycolysis in the presence of oxygen allows for pyrate to continue to be broken down in the mitochondria with additional production of atp

144
Q

hypertrpohy

A

an increase in size of muscles, due to increase in myofibrils

145
Q

Atrophied

A

Decrease in muscle size, Structal proteins are lost and muscle mass decrease

146
Q

myoglobin

A

A molecule unique to muscle tissue, provides an extra source of oxygen for muscles

147
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in red blood cells, releases oxygen when needecd

Bio-168-003, final study (1 decks)

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