Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio-168-003, final study > BIO-168-003 > Flashcards

BIO-168-003 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells and it contains little to no extracellular matrix. Covers the body, lines cavities, and forms glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substances.
.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Consists of cells that are highly specialized for the active generation of force for contraction. Can elongate and change shape by becoming either shorter or thicker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Composed of neurons and glial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subdivisions/Connective Tissue; loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subdivision/connective tissue; Dense connective tissue

A

Dense Regular, Elastic, Dense irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subdivision/connective tissue; supportive connective; cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Subdivision/connective tissue; Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood, lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, glands on skin, nervous system, skin cells, neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Connective tissue, skeletal muscle, red blood cells, smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endoderm

A

lining the airway, and digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thick skin

A

Palms, hands, soles of the feet. No hair, 5 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers the body, 4 layers, sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

fine touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

crude touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Merkel disc

A

light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure, vibration, proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

sensitive to stretching of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Free nerve ending

A

Pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hair

A

A keratinous filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nail Bed

A

Rich in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nail body

A

protects the tips of fingers/toes, back support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lateral nail fold

A

Anchors the nail body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

oil gland found everywhere, waterproofs skin and hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Skin cancer

A

An accumulation of DNA mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Basal cell

A

epidermis, most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Squamous cell

A

Middle-outer layers of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

melanoma

A

Highly metastatic; develops in the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

epidermis wound

A

cell regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dermal wound

A

Inflammatory, Migration, proliferation and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

5 functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, response, integration, homeostasis, mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peripheral nervous

A

Ganglion, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Astrocyte

A

CNS, blood-brain barrier, repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ependymal

A

CNS, cilia, makes cerebral spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Schwann

A

PNS, forms on mylier, axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

microglia

A

CNS, phagocytosis of bacteria, debris immune cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

CNS, forms mylien on axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Satellite

A

PNS, surrounds & protects neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Dendrites attached to their cell bodies, one long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

2 processes, not very common, one axiom and one dendrites, found in olfactory epithelium and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

One long axon from cell body, at one end of axon is the dentries, axon forms synaptic connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Somatic

A

Responsible for conscious perception, voluntary motor responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Automatic

A

Involuntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Resting potential

A

when ion channels are all closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Depolarization

A

A shift in cell membrane charge, crucial for nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

repolarization

A

The return of a cell membrane to its resting potential after depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in the membrane potential of a cell, making it more negative than its resting potential after depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

refractory period

A

When the sodium-potassium pump “corrects” the location of NA+ and K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Brainstem

A

A “tapering cone”, connects the brain to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between the cerebellum & brainstem therefore highly involved in motor controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

diencephalon

A

Connection between the cerebrum& the rest of the nervous sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in the regulation of homeostasis and regulation of the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

pineal gland

A

Sleep/wake cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, movement, fine motor, muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

frontal

A

language, planned movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

parietal

A

Includes all tactile senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Temporal

A

Auditory, smell, memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Occipital

A

Sight

61
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Anterior part of tongue

62
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Posterior part of tongue

63
Q

Vagus

A

Extreme posterior part of tongue, gag reflex

64
Q

Olfactory

A

smell

65
Q

optic

A

seeing

66
Q

auditory

A

Hearing

67
Q

integration

A

processing of sensory information

68
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Protective covering around nerve fibers

69
Q

summation

A

Adding up signals in a neuron

70
Q

synapse

A

Gap between nerve cells where they communicate by sending chemical/electral signals

71
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger

72
Q

rods

A

Very sensitive to lights, cannot detect color, shades of gray, found primarily in peripheral vision, 120 million

73
Q

Cones

A

color vision, 6-7 million, double layer disc w/ photopigments and photopsins

74
Q

static

A

head position

75
Q

Dymanic

A

head movement

76
Q

Hyaline

A

Most bones develop from this, growth & repair, chondroblasts make cartilage matrix

77
Q

Fibro

A

found between vertebral disc, joint capsules, ligaments

78
Q

elastic

A

Found in external ear, larynx

79
Q

osteoid

A

made by osteoblast, organic component, collagen

80
Q

Matrix

A

A complex structure made of organic & inorganic components

81
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone runs between distal and proximal ends of the bone

82
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobs at the end of the bone

83
Q

metaphysis

A

growth zone

84
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline over epiphysis

85
Q

medulla cavity

A

contains yellow bone marrow in adult, hollow

86
Q

periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue covering bone where there is no cartiliage, location of blood vessels

87
Q

Endosteum

A

Line the medullary cavity, growth repair remolding

88
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells, undifferentiated cells that become osteoblast

89
Q

osteoblast

A

Immature bone cells that form bone matrix, becomes trapped in matrix and becomes osteocytes

90
Q

osetocytes

A

Maure osteoblast cells; live in lacunae

91
Q

Osteoclast

A

degrade bone to initiate bone remolding

92
Q

chondroblast

A

produce matrix of cartilage

93
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than wide, movement and support

94
Q

short bones

A

Long as wide, provide support and little movement

95
Q

Irregular bones

A

varying in size

96
Q

flat bones

A

thin, curved, protect internal organs

97
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small, round, forms in tendons

98
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 1

A

Cartilage model of the future bone is formed

99
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 2

A

Cartilage grows and gets surrounded by membrane which will become the future periosteum

100
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 3

A

Blood vessel invade cartilage, bringing osteoblast that replace cartilage with spongy bone at the primary ossification center

101
Q

Endochondral Ossification: step 4

A

Appear in the epiphyses of bone, forms spongy bone

102
Q

Endochondral ossification: step 5

A

The epiphyseal plate allows of lengthwise growth of the bone while the cartilage is replaced by bone

103
Q

Endochondral ossification: step 6

A

Eventually, the epiphyseal plate closes, and all cartilage is replaced by bone, resulting in a mature bone

104
Q

steps in bone repair:step 1

A

6-8 after a fracture hematoma is formed

105
Q

steps in bone repair: steps 2

A

cells within hematoma develop into fibroblast, which makes collagen. Collagen forms a soft callus to stabilize the facture bone

106
Q

steps in bone repair: step 3

A

The fibrocartilaginous callus is slowly replaced by stronger bony callus, made by spongy bone, created by osteoblast

107
Q

steps in bone repair: step 4

A

Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring the bone’s strength/shape

108
Q

Fascia

A

Broad tendon

109
Q

sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

110
Q

T-tubules

A

Indentations of sarcolemma, penetrate the fibers, brings membrane close to SR; forms a trad

111
Q

muscle fatigue

A

The inability of a muscle to contract in response to the nervous system signals

112
Q

muscle relaxtion

A

Occurs when the nerve impulse stops

113
Q

tetany

A

Involuntary contraction of muscles that lead to pain

114
Q

muscle tension

A

The force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contact

115
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

when the skeletal muscle tension is insufficient to overcome resistance

116
Q

muscle tone

A

partially contracted, helps humans stay up right and move

117
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Multi-nucleated, long, cylindrical, striated, voluntary; attached to bones

118
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Branching fibers that connect, intercalated disks, 1 or 2 nuclei, only found in the heart, striated and involuntary

119
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Single nucleus, spindle-shaped fibers, non-striated muscle fibers

120
Q

sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers

121
Q

myosin

A

arrange themselves to create thick filament

121
Q

actin

A

need for movement for contraction, sliding mechanism that lets muscles to contract and relax

122
Q

events at NMJ: step 1

A

Nerve impulse reaches NMJ

123
Q

events at NMJ: step 2

A

voltage -gated calcium channels open, calcium moves into cell

124
Q

events at NMJ: steps 3

A

Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft

125
Q

events at NMJ: steps 4

A

ACH diffuses across left

126
Q

events at NMJ: steps 5

A

Ach binds to receptors on motor end plate

127
Q

events at NMJ: step 6

A

ligand-gated na+ channels open na+ and diffuses into the muscle fibers

128
Q

events at NMJ: step 7

A

depolarization of muscle fibers

129
Q

events at NMJ: step 8

A

Action potential rapidly spreads along entire membrane

130
Q

events at NMJ: step 9

A

membrane repolarizes resting membrane potential is restablished

131
Q

events at NMJ: step 10

A

acetylcholinesterase removes ach form cleft receptors and recycles its components be used again

132
Q

Description of sliding filament model

A

Thin filaments are pulled past thick filaments. myofilament does not change length during muscle contraction, they slide over. Sliding only occurs when myosin-binding sites are exposed and calcium is present. During contraction actin filaments move forward to the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere shortens.

133
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 1

A

Atp binds to each myosin

134
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 2

A

transfers phosphate

135
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 3

A

action potential travels down the sarcolemma

136
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 4

A

Ca+ releases channels open in SR

137
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 5

A

ca+ binds to troponin

138
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 6

A

Tropomyosin moves off the myosin binding site on the actin

139
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 7

A

myosin molecules change shape- power stroke pulls actin filament towards h-zone

140
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 8

A

Atp binds to the myosin

141
Q

muscle contraction steps: step 9

A

Myosin head detaches form actin & returns to cocked position and process start all over again

142
Q

glycosis

A

Breakdown of glucose in cytosol of the cell

142
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

a molecule with a high energy chemical bond, helps regenerate atp

143
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

glycolysis in the presence of oxygen allows for pyrate to continue to be broken down in the mitochondria with additional production of atp

144
Q

hypertrpohy

A

an increase in size of muscles, due to increase in myofibrils

145
Q

Atrophied

A

Decrease in muscle size, Structal proteins are lost and muscle mass decrease

146
Q

myoglobin

A

A molecule unique to muscle tissue, provides an extra source of oxygen for muscles

147
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in red blood cells, releases oxygen when needecd

Bio-168-003, final study (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions