BIO Flashcards
First to use a microscope to observe cork and coined what he observed as cells. He was responsible for the beginnings of cytology as a subdivision of Biology
ROBERT HOOKE
Discovered bacteria and other microscopic organisms in rainwater and studied the structure of plant and animal cells
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Proposed that cell is the fundamental unit of living organism. Proposed that all living things are made up of cells
HENRI DUTROCHET
Discovered the presence of nuclei within cells. Describe nucleus as small dense, round body inside the cell.
ROBERT BROWN
Noted that all living things contain a thick jelly fluid which he called sarcode Isubstance inside the cell) at the time. Recognized that one celled organisms are in existence
FELIX DUJARDIN
Coined the term protoplasm to refer to the living matter of the cell. Described protoplasm as the jelly-like material that fills the cell.
JOHANNES PURKINJE
Use the term protoplasm to show that this material is found in all types of organism, making the protoplasm as the physical basis of life
MAX SCHULTZE
Found that cells divide to form new cells and concluded that cells come from pre-existing cells. Formulated the Cell Theory
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
Supplied the proof for Virchow’s theory of biogenesis.
LOUIS PASTEUR
ASSUMPTIONS OF CELL THEORY
- Cells is the fundamental unit of life.
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
orange pigments
CAROTENES
colorless pigment
LEUCOPLASTIDS
green pigment
CHLOROPLASTIDS/CHLOROPHYLL
bounded by a membrane
NUCLEUS
main stages of cellular respiration
GLYCOLYSIS
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
They are the toughest body cell as they are bound together by calcium and phosphate
BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)
They give strength, support and framework to the body by enclosing organs in skeletal system.
BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)
These cells are similar to bone cells but the surrounding materiais is just loose and flexible compared to those bone cells. Hence, they are freely bendable
CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES)
They are present in ear bone (hence ears are foldable), in between large bones to help them bend and move freely like in between two ribs, spinal bones, joints.
CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES)
This cell is very long and have many branching at either ends. Their specialty is they never multiply in one’s lifetime
NERVE CELLS
They are present all over the body and are sometimes as long as few meters long. They are human brain cells and are found in plenty in brain and spinal cord and form the nervous tissue
NERVE CELLS
These cells are very simple cells which form covering of other cells. These cells form covering layers of all the organs and hence are pre-set in skin, scalp, respiratory tract, in the buccal cavity surface among others. Having closely-joined cells, they served as barriers for pathogens, fluid loss and mechanical injuries
EPITHELIAL CELLS
differ in shape, some are cuboidal, others are thin and flat known as
squamous and the rest are tall and narrow called columnar. If they consist of single layer cells, they are named simple epithelium, If they are made up of several cell layers, they are named stratified epithelium.
EPITHELIAL CELLS
These cells are of muscle tissue mostly long, large and have the ability to contract and relax providing movements.
MUSCLE CELLS
are attached to long bones and assist in their movement (by muscle contraction).
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
are present only in heart muscle and are responsible for heart beats.
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
are flexible yet, can contract and relax and are present in stomach, intestine, blood vessel walls (vascular tissue). Helping in movement of food through the gut.
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
These cells as the name indicates are secretory in nature. They form glands and secrete something important e.g. - pancreatic cells which secrete insulin, glucagon, salivary gland which secrete salivary amylase, sebaceous gland which secrete oil on the skins. They are found in all secretory organs
SECRETORY CELLS
These are fat cells and are storage by nature to store fat. They are especially seen in the sole palms, and bums. They reduced friction to the body.
ADIPOSE CELLS
These cells include _, _, and _ etc. They are always motile and never stay in one place. They have limited life span and they never multiply to form new cells. Instead, new cells are formed from other cells.
BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
THROMBOCYTES
Nerve cells and muscies cells come under this category. They have internal ability to conduct an electric impulse from one region to other distant region in the body
CONDUCTIVE CELLS
Bone cells, blood cells, fall under this category. They help connect other cells and tissues
CONNECTIVE CELLS
These cells are secretory cells. They form glands like pancreas, salivary glands and help in production of - enzymes, hormones
GLANDULAR CELLS
These are adipose cells. Some liver cells act to store materials like fat for later use. This fat is consumed in time of starvation and also in excess cold temperatures
STORAGE CELLS
These are the cells that act as support to adjacent cells. Ex: Glial cells in the brain and spinal cord help provide nourishment to the nerve cells and also protect them from shocks and trauma
SUPPORTIVE CELLS
These cells unlike others haploid (i.e. have only one set chromosome). They are present only in the males after puberty. These cells have a tail which enables them to swim and move in the female uterus. They have enzyme namely hyaluronidase which help them penetrate through uterine tissue and reach oocytes.
SPERMS
Cells are haploid and present in adult female genital system. They are also haploid like sperms. They start to form after puberty and continue so till the stage of menopause. They accept sperm cells to form zygote (fertilized egg). Which grows further in the uterus to form a baby.
OOCYTES
These are basic cells or parent cells which can differentiate into any cell based on the requirement. These stem cells in the human body are given so much importance due to their promising role in the treatment of disorders in the future.
STEM CELLS
These cells are in the eyes and have capacity to capture image color and light
RODS AND CONES
These cells are present as lining of respiratory tract and esophagus and have a pointed thread-like cilia which move in particular direction to pass material.
CILIATED CELLS
These are quite interesting cells. They are never attached to one another. _ freely flow in the liquid blood. Some of them are not alive (RBC’s)v while others have varied shapes like WBC, platelets (spindle shape). Further these WBC’s are of different types. Of these WBC’s macrophages have ability to eat (gulp) any foreign particle like bacteria in the body. Hence, they are body defense cells.
BLOOD CELLS
These are quite interesting cells. They are never attached to one another. Blood cells freely flow in the liquid blood. Some of them are not alive (RBC’s)v while others have varied shapes like WBC, platelets (spindle shape). Further these WBC’s are of different types. Of these WBC’s macrophages have ability to eat (gulp) any foreign particle like bacteria in the body. Hence, they are body defense cells.
BLOOD CELLS
Synthesis and storage of food
PARENCHYMA CELLS
Provide mainly the support (thicker primary cell walls)
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
Provide the support and protection (thicker secondary cell walls)
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
Protection and prevent water loss
CORK CELLS
transport of water
TRACHEIDS
Smaller units in kidneys aid in the filtering of blood and extraction of waste
NEPHRON CELLS
Send electrical signals among the brain, spinal cord, and other organs of the body
NERVE CELLS
Carries oxygen to the tissues in the body
RED BLOOD CELLS
Stored fat for energy. Produced hormones that influence metabolism
FAT CELLS
Protect underlying structures such as the lining in your mouth
EPITHELIAL CELLS
Protection of the body against damage. Act as first line of defense against bacteria. Prevent dehydration. Can store fat
SKIN CELLS
Unite during fertilization for reproduction
SEX CELLS
Have the ability to develop into specialized cells for organs/tissues
STEM CELLS
Creation of new blood vessels. Gases, macromolecules and fluid regulation. Blood pressure regulation
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
CELL MODIFICATION
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5, 1.5.1, 1.5.2, 1.5.2.1
2.
2.1
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
CELL MODIFICATION
1. APICAL
1.1 CILIA
1.2 FLAGELLA
1.3 MICROVILLI
1.4 PSEUDOPODS
1.5 ECM, 1.5.1 CELL WALL, 1.5.2 GLYCOPROTEIN, 1.5.2.1 COLLAGEN
2. BASAL
2.1 HEMIDESMOSOMES
3. LATERAL
3.1 TIGHT JUNCTIONS
3.2 ADHERING JUNCTIONS
3.3 GAP JUNCTIONS
Cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell
APICAL MODIFICATION
cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell
BASAL MODIFICATION
cell modification found on the lateral surface of the cell
LATERAL MODIFICATION
Act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers. Prevent leakage of ECF
TIGHT JUNCTION
Anchoring the junction on the lateral surface of the cell. Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal surface of the cell. Fasten cells to one another.
ADHERING JUNCTION
Also known as communicating junctions. Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells. Presence of connection that allow direct exchange of chemicals between the cytoplasm of two cells.
GAP JUNCTION
Organisms which are visibly seen or can be seen only in microscopic techniques are made of
CELLS
is the smallest and basic unit that can carry out all the activities needed for life.
CELL
At present, it is accepted that all organisms have _. All the chemical processes for the maintenance and reproduction of life occur in the _. In other words, the _ can be defined as the fundamental or basic unit of life
CELLS
The outermost layer in plant cells that contain cellulose (tough carbohydrate fiber) that provides support to the plant body.
CELL WALL
outer layer of the cell, composed of a double layer of phospholipids in which proteins were embedded, gives form to the cell and controls or regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
separated by the porous nuclear membrane within the hyaloplasm, has liquid portion called karyolymph where chromatin materials and nucleolus are found
NUCLEUS
Outermost layer of an animal cell and in plants, cell wall is the outermost layer.
CELL MEMBRANE
Regulates the entrance and exit of substances in the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
Occur as free particles suspended within the cytoplasm or attached to the membranous wall of the ER, granular particles composed of protein and RNA
RIBOSOMES
Synthesize protein molecules that maybe used to build cell structures or to function as enzymes
RIBOSOMES
Double walled membranous sacs with folded inner partitions called cristae Contain its own DNA and ribosomes, thus it can independently replicate itself and appear to control the synthesis of its membranes.
MITOCHONDRIA
Release energy from food molecules and transform it into usable ATP which happens during cellular respiration.
MITOCHONDRIA
Double membrane organelles with inner folds called thylakoids and has similar characteristics with mitochondria
CHLOROPLAST
Responsible for the conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars in the photosynthetic process in plants.
CHLOROPLAST
Membranous sacs
VACUOLES
Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm, responsible for cell enlargement and water balance.
VACUOLES
