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BIO Flashcards

1
Q

Define ASEXUAL reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction is a process where a single organism produces offspring without the involvement of gametes, resulting in genetically identical offspring to the parent.

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2
Q

Similarities between Asexual and Sexual reproduction

A

Similarities:
- Reproduction (Both create new individuals)
- Genetic Transfer (Both pass genetic material to offspring)

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3
Q

Define SEXUAL reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction is a process where two parent organisms combine their genetic material to produce offspring with a mix of traits from both parents. This involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg cells).

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4
Q

Differences between Asexual and Sexual reproduction

A
  • Genetic Variation (Asexual: Offspring are identical to the parent.
    Sexual: Offspring have a mix of genes from both parents)
  • Number of Parents (Asexual: One parent.
    Sexual: Two parents)
  • Process (Asexual: Simple methods like budding or splitting.
    Sexual: Involves the combination of sperm and egg)
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5
Q

Vagina

A

The vagina is a muscular canal that serves as the passageway for childbirth and menstrual flow, and it receives sperm during intercourse.

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6
Q

Ovary

A

The ovary produces eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

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7
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

The fallopian tube transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus, where fertilization typically occurs.

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8
Q

Cervix

A

The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina and allows passage of menstrual blood, sperm, and childbirth.

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9
Q

Uterus

A

The uterus is a muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

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10
Q

Uterine wall

A

The uterine wall, or endometrium, thickens to support pregnancy and sheds during menstruation.

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11
Q

Penis

A

The penis is the male organ for urination and sexual intercourse, delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract.

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12
Q

Bladder

A

The bladder stores urine until it is excreted from the body.

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13
Q

Prostate Gland

A

The prostate gland produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

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14
Q

Testes

A

The testes produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.

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15
Q

Scrotum

A

The scrotum is a sac that holds and regulates the temperature of the testes.

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16
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

The seminal vesicles produce a fluid that is a component of semen, providing nutrients for sperm.

17
Q

Urethra

A

The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and also serves as a passage for semen in males.

18
Q

Vas Deferens

A

The vas deferens transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.

19
Q

Epididymus

A

The epididymis stores and matures sperm before ejaculation.

20
Q

Define DNA

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information. It is found in the nucleus of cells and is packaged into chromosomes.

21
Q

How does fertilization contribute to genetic variation?

A

Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes (sex cells), each carrying half the genetic information (23 chromosomes). This combination of genetic material from both parents results in unique genetic variation in the offspring.

22
Q

What are sex cells called?

A

Gametes

23
Q

Define Mitosis

A

The process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells

24
Q

Define Meiosis

A

a type of cell division during which a single cell divides twice and produces four daughter cells. These four daughter cells contain half the amount of genetic material and are known as our sex cells (gametes)

25
Q

What are the 4 phases of MITOSIS?

A
  • P rophase
  • M etaphose
  • A naphase
  • T elophase
26
Q

What are the stages of MEIOSIS?

A
27
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • replacement of dead cells
  • reproduction (in single-celled organisms)
28
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries.

29
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics (e.g. PURPLE< WHITE, etc)

30
Q

Define Homozygous

A

Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are known as homozygous.

31
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

While individual organisms bearing different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.

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