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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer for starch?

A

Glucose monomers

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2
Q

What is the roll of a catalyst?

A

to change the activation energy of a reaction

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3
Q

What are the functional groups of protein monomers?

A

the Amine group, the hydrogen group, the carboxyl group and the R (which can be any of the different types of amino acids) group

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4
Q

What feature of lipids makes them good sources of energy?

A

yields more fatty acids. Also, lipids are compact in structure so they can store energy quite efficiently

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5
Q

What are nucleic acids responsible for?

A

carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function

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6
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat

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7
Q

How do the bases of opposite DNA strands connect?

A

by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine

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8
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues.

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9
Q

Why is animal starch (glycogen) highly branched?

A

because glucose can only be liberated at the ends of the branches(non-reducing ends) which means that many glucose molecules can be liberated simultaneously from a branched polymer but only one at a time from a linear polymer

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10
Q

What do oxidation reduction reactions involve?

A

the transfer of electrons from one species to another

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11
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

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12
Q

What is activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport.

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13
Q

What aspect of hydrogenation is most dangerous to human health

A

trans fats have been shown to harm heart health.

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14
Q

Condensation reactions involve producing and removing water. How?

A

hen two amino acids combine in a condensation reaction, a covalent bond forms between the amine nitrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. A molecule of water is then removed as a second product

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15
Q

What does a neutralization reaction produce?

A

water and a salt

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16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

an underlying substance or layer.

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17
Q

What does feedback inhibition involve?

A

he activity of an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a biochemical pathway.

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18
Q

How does a catalyst lowers the activation energy?

A

By altering the reaction’s transition state

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19
Q

What do Condensation reactions involve?

A

monomers (small molecules) join to form polymers (large molecules or macromolecules)

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20
Q

A disaccharide is formed by a covalent bond called a….

A

glycosidic bond

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21
Q

Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base and a..

A

pentose sugar molecule +

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22
Q

What is the function of a competitive inhibitor?

A

competes with substrate for binding to an active site

23
Q

The monomer for a protein is a….

A

Amino acid

24
Q

A triglyceride has three fatty acids connected to one …

A

glycerol molecule

25
Q

Catalysts interact with a substrate at a….

A

active site

26
Q

Combustion is best described as a …

A

a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame

27
Q

Carbohydrates are molecules that contain …

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

28
Q

Isotopes are atoms that differ in the number of …..

A

neutrons

29
Q

Denaturation of a protein is caused by ..

A

changes in temperature or pH, or the addition of heavy metal salts, or radiation

30
Q

Proteins have many functions which include ..

A

acting as enzymes and hormones, maintaining proper fluid and acid-base balance, providing nutrient transport, making antibodies, enabling wound healing and tissue regeneration, and providing energy when carbohydrate and fat intake is inadequate

31
Q

What part of amino acid is unique to each type?

A

side-chain group or R-group

32
Q

The monomer for a nucleic acid is a ……

A

Nucleotides

33
Q

Carbon dioxide dissolved in water produces ..

A

carbonic acid

34
Q

DNA codes for proteins with the assistance of ….

A

mRNA

35
Q

If an atom loses an electron it is called a …

A

positively charged ion

36
Q

primary structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

37
Q

secondary structure?

A

comprised of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone

38
Q

tertiary structure?

A

is the three-dimensional shape of the protein determined by regions stabilized by interactions between the side chains

39
Q

quaternary structure?

A

the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement

40
Q

Use an example to illustrate the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

A

formation of table salt, sodium chloride, and water. A strong acid (hydrochloric acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide) react quantitively to form a neutral salt and water solution.

41
Q

List the five nitrogenous bases used in nucleic acids.

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil

42
Q

How can steroids be used as a medical treatment?

A

reduce redness and swelling (inflammation)

43
Q

What is the role of a buffer?

A

neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable

44
Q

List two kinds of covalent bonds.

A

Polar and Nonpolar.

45
Q

List three differences between DNA and RNA.

A

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. Furthermore, DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

46
Q

What is the ratio of carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in a carbohydrate monomer?

A

1:2:1

47
Q

List two types of intermolecular interactions.

A

London dispersion forces (LDF), dipole- dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding

48
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

49
Q

How is a molecular formula different from a structural formula?

A

molecular formulas do not show how the atoms of the elements are bonded together.

50
Q

Lipids are an effective source of energy in food. Identify three other ways that lipids contribute to the success of a living organism.

A

they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules

51
Q

There are 20 common amino acids. Of these, 8 are essential amino acids.
Explain what this means.

A

they cannot be synthesized by human or other mammalian cells

52
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another

53
Q
A

biology (4 decks)

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