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Science 10 > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a form of nucleic acid, is shaped in a double helix that contains genetic information.

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Nucleotides are what make up DNA. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a structure composed of DNA. It is a very condensed form of chromatin.

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is a fibre of DNA that makes up a chromosome. DNA is usually in the form of chromatin.

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5
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The organized display of all chromosomes within an organism, arranged by size.

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6
Q

What is a helix?

A

A helix is a spiral-shaped ladder.

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7
Q

What is a protein?

A

An organically produced compound that consists of amino acids.

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA.

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9
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entirety of DNA within all cells of an organism.

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10
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The process of creating a new identical copy of DNA.

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11
Q

What are complementary bases?

A

Nitrogenous bases that will pair together in a particular way.
A - T and C - G

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12
Q

What is a nitrogenous base?

A

Part of the structure of a nucleotide. Nitrogenous bases consist of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

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13
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is an organelle responsible for controlling cellular activities and storing genetic information.

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14
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure, with the same genes at the same locations, but can have different alleles

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15
Q

What are species?

A

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding in nature to produce fertile offspring.

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16
Q

What is a population?

A

Members of the same species coexist in the same geographical area at the same time.

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17
Q

What is a trait?

A

An inherited characteristic of an organism such as eye color.

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18
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is a variant of a gene.

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19
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

The law states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a gene separate, ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

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20
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are reproductive cells - sperm and eggs

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21
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Dominant alleles are traits that are always expressed if present in the genotype regardless of the other allele.
e.g. Rr - still dominant

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22
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Recessive alleles are traits that are only expressed when two recessive alleles are present in the genotype.
e.g. rr

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23
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

The condition where an organism has two different alleles for a gene.
e.g. Rr

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24
Q

What is homozygous recessive?

A

The condition where an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene.

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25
Q

What is homozygous dominant?

A

The condition where an organism has two dominant alleles for a gene.

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26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the combination of alleles for an inherited trait.

27
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism based on its genotype.

28
Q

What is probability?

A

The calculation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of an event.

29
Q

What is the genotypic ratio?

A

The ratio of genotypes going left to right, from homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.

30
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio?

A

The ratio of phenotypes in a population/offspring arranged from homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.

31
Q

What is a punnet square?

A

A graph that showcases the potential genotypes of an offspring.

32
Q

What is an offspring?

A

The result of two parents breeding to create a new organism.

33
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

The first generation of offspring, produced from two parent organisms.

34
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

The second generation of offspring, produced by the F1 generation.

35
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Neither the dominant allele nor the recessive allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate form in the phenotype.
e.g. red and white flowers produce a pink flower.

36
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

The condition, where both alleles are expressed equally.
e.g. red and white cows produce roan cow

37
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Traits that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes - X and Y

38
Q

What are mutations?

A

Mutations are alterations in the nitrogenous bases of DNA.

39
Q

What are pedigrees?

A

A tool used to trace the inheritance of a specific trait.

40
Q

What is a selective advantage?

A

A genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival.

41
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The process, in which an organism becomes better suited for survival in its environment.

3 types:
Structural adaptation
Behavioural adaptation
Physiological adaptation

42
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which traits of a population change over many generations as organisms with advantageous traits, survive and reproduce, passing down traits to offspring.

43
Q

What is adaptative radiation?

A

When one ancestral species splits into many species who have adapted differently.

44
Q

What is extinction?

A

The complete disappearance of a species.

45
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

A mutagen is a mutation-causing agent.

46
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A carcinogen is a cancer-causing agent.

47
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

The process where humans interfere with the reproduction process, to pass down favourable traits.

48
Q

What is monoculture?

A

Monoculture is the repeated planting of the same species over a large area.

49
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide? What parts make up the sides of the DNA ladder?

A

A nucleotide is made up of sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The sugars and phosphate groups make up the “sides” of DNA.

50
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

51
Q

What does adenine pair up with? How about guanine?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

52
Q

How are the terms nucleotide, genes, chromatin, and chromosome related?

A

Nucleotides make up DNA and RNA, which have genes which code for a specific trait. Chromatin is a fibre of DNA that makes up a chromosome.

53
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the human body?

A

46 chromosomes

54
Q

How many chromosomes are found in egg and sperm cells?

A

23 chromosomes

55
Q

What is the connection between DNA, RNA, and protein?

A

DNA contains the genetic information that is copied to single-stranded RNA. Proteins are made through the information that is encoded in RNA.

56
Q

When do mutations occur?

A

Mutations occur during DNA replication. Nitrogenous bases can be added, substituted, or deleted and parts of chromosomes can be added, lost, flipped or moved to another chromosome.

57
Q

Give examples of mutagens.

A

UV rays, X-rays, nitrates, etc.

58
Q

How does selective advantage help an organism?

A

Gives an organism a genetic advantage to thrive and survive better in its given environment.

59
Q

What are the three types of adaptations? Give an example of the three types.

A

Structural adaptation: Cacti store water in their stems and leaves

Behavioural adaptation: Squirrels collect nuts to survive the winter

Physiological adaptation: dogs pant to cool down

60
Q

What does, “Natural selection is situational” mean?

A

Depending on the many conditions of the environment, a once advantageous trait can become a disadvantage to an organism’s survival.

61
Q

How does speciation occur by adaptive radiation?

A

Geographic barriers can isolate a population, allowing each isolated group to adapt to its respective environment, resulting in the formation of many new species.

62
Q

Give examples of carcinogens.

A

UV rays and cigarette smoke

63
Q

Give examples of artificial selection done by humans.

A

Humans have selectively bred dogs such as the German Shepard and also bred mustard plants to produce six other plants.

(Cauliflower, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, carrot, and kohlrabi)

Science 10 (1 decks)

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