Bio Flashcards
Reviewer for Biology
What are the three types of surface barriers?
Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Our first defense and is the largest organ in the body
Skin
They routinely deflect microbes. It is also the primary physical barrier
Give atleast one mechanism to prevent entrance of microbes
1) mucous membranes trap them
2) sneezing or coughing reflex expels them
3) while urine mechanically flushes them out.
Defenses inside our body
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Slimy mucous membranes with warm surfaces
they’re under constant attack from microbes in air n food
Early responders in the innate immune system
Macrophage
identifies invaders and attacks
Macrophages give off chemical signals called ______
Cytokines
natural killer cells
call up reinforcement & attract other immune cells to the site of injury
The immune system is our body’s ____
defense system
protects it from diseases causing organisms called PATHOGENS
Example of chemical barriers
stomach acid, various antimicrobial substances in sweat, saliva, tears and other body fluids
The skin and mucous membranes are also heavily inhabited by ____ which competes with pathogens for nutrition and space, providing biological barriers.
Body’s normal flora
refers to the collection of organisms typically present in any region
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If an organism manages to get past the surface barriers (eg. a splinter), it will meet the ___
innate component of the immune system
(immediate, non-specific response
If this fails to contain the infection, another layer of defense, called the ____ will come into play.
Adaptive response
specific, with memory, takes longer to be activated but more effective
Derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
The first response of the innate immune system is _____
inflammation
resident macrophages constantly patrol body tissues, ingest the pathogens and release inflammatory chemicals
