Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Flash Cards > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Which Kingdoms can reproduce sexually?

A

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which habitat would you likely find a thermophile Archaebacteria?

A

Hot springs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which two organisms are most closely related?

A

Organisms in the same Genus but different Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Yeast belongs to which Kingdom?

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which statement about viruses is true?
- They contain only RNA
- They replicate only in eukaryotic cells
- They cannot replicate independently outside of a living cell
- They cause disease but only in humans
- They contain membrane-bound organelles

A

They cannot replicate independently outside of a living cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which process involves the exchange of genetic material?

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which organisms are prokaryotes?

A

Archaea, eubacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Photiautotroph

A

An organism that uses carbon dioxide as its source of carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasmid

A

A small ring of DNA that carries genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coccus

A

sphere-Shaped Bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

An organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pseudopods

A

Method of movement that uses an extension of the cytoplasm to grasp the surface and propel forward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Saprophytic

A

An organism that feeds on dead matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lichen

A

The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Could be described as ‘club-like’ fungi which include mushrooms (phylum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Lack of nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Heterotropic

A

Cannot synthesize their own food, therefore they must eat or absorb it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms that can produce their own food (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Asexual

A

Involves a single parent, offspring are identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sexual

A

Involves two parents, offspring are genetically different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aerobic

A

Respiration with oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anaerobic

A

Respiration without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Kirby-Bauer Method

A

When determining the most effective treatment for a bacterial infection, scientists must understand the susceptibility (ability to inhibit or kill) of a bacteria to any particular antibiotic. The Kirby-Bauer method can allow scientists to know if a bacterial pathogen is either susceptible (S), intermediate (I) or resistant (R) based on comparing the zones of inhibition in a standardized table. The ZONE OF INHIBITION is the circular area around an antibiotic disk where there is no growth of bacteria. To measure the zone of inhibition, place a ruler along the diameter of the circle of no growth and measure it in milimeters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List four characteristics shared by all bacteria.

A
  • Reproduce asexually by binary fission
  • Single-celled
  • Prokaryotes
  • Similar overall structure (some differences, like the presence or absence of peptidoglycan)
26
Q

List the four characteristics used to classify bacteria.

A
  • Peptidoglycan present or absent
  • Gram staining
  • Environmental location
  • Shape and arrangement
27
Q

A rod-shaped chain of bacterial cells lives on the bottom of the sea. Name 3 terms that describe this organism.

A
  • Strepto
  • Bacillus
  • Archaebacteria (based on location)
  • Prokaryote
  • Anaerobic (based on location)
28
Q

What does the Gram stain detect? Is Gram-positive or negative more dangerous? Why?

A
  • Gram-positive - (purple) - thick layer of peptidoglycan and one membrane
  • Gram-negative - (pink) - thin layer of peptidoglycan and two membrane
    -Gram-negative is more dangerous as it has the extra membrane and therefore it is harder for antibiotics to penetrate the bacterium
29
Q

What’s the difference between a photoheterotroph and a photoautotroph?

A
  • Photoheterotrph - uses sunlight and organic compounds
  • Photoautotroph - uses sunlight and carbon dioxide
30
Q

Describe 3 uses where bacteria are helpful.

A
  • Bacteria in our digestive system help break down certain nutrients and maintain gut health
  • Some produce lactic acid which help in the production of cheese and yogurt
  • Cleaning up oil spills and toxic waste
  • Creating antibiotics
31
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually, but also exhibit some genetic information is exchanged. What is the name of this process?

A

Conjugation - conjugation pilus is created between two bacterium. The donor bacteria passes a copy of its plasmid through the pilus to the receiving bacterium. The plasmids replicate their DNA (double stranded) and the pilis breaks down

32
Q

What category (DNA/RNA virus) would covid-19 fall under?

A

RNA virus

33
Q

What is the structure of covid-19?

A

Enveloped

34
Q

How does our body fight off viruses? Can we use antibiotics for viruses, explain why?

A

Our body sets in an immune response when a virus enters our body. Our B-cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens on the virus (lock and key mechanism). This sends a message to the white blood cells that there is a foreign pathogen and the white blood cell will engulf the virus using endocytosis.

35
Q

Which type of virus (DNA vs. RNA) is more susceptible to mutations?

A

RNA viruses

36
Q

Influenza is what type of virus? Why do we see it come back every year?

A

Enveloped RNA virus

37
Q

Name the characteristics used to classify fungi into various phyla. Describe how this characteristic differs between phyla.

A

Classified based on structure/shape
- Chytrids - flagella, oldest group
- Zygomycota - case fungi
- Ascomycota - sac fungi
- Basidiomycota - club fungi

38
Q

How are fungi useful? How are they harmful?

A

Useful: Food, produce antibiotics, decomposers
Harmful: Can produce toxins, infections threat to agriculture

39
Q

How are fungi different from plants?

A

Cell wall contains chitin… not cellulose
Heterotrophic… not autotrophic
Reproduction through spores … not seeds

40
Q

Describe how the following protists move: amoeba, paramecium, euglena, slime molds

A

Amoeba: pseudopods (extensions of cytoplasm)
Paramecium: cilia
Euglena: flagellum
Slime molds: changing the flow of cytoplasm to extend the cell towards a food source

41
Q

Most protists are single-celled organisms; why are they not classified as bacteria? (List main differences)

A

Protists are eukaryotic and bacteria are prokaryotic.

42
Q

Explain the ecological importance of protists. Give three examples.

A

Plant like protists are carbon sinks (capture CO2 from atmosphere for photosynthesis), produce oxygen, primary producer, food sources. Some are decomposers and some are important for symbiotic relationships (lichen)

43
Q

What are three characteristics that can be used to classify the protists?

A

Nutrition
Mobility
Reproduction

44
Q

Explain how the freshwater organism, Euglena, obtains its nourishment.

A

Euglena - photosynthesis
Other protists will ingest their nutrients (ex. Paramecium and amoeba)

45
Q

Diplo

A

In pairs

46
Q

Staphylo

A

Clumped

47
Q

Strepto

A

Chain

48
Q

Coccus

A

Round

49
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod-shaped

50
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral

51
Q

Halophiles

A

Survive in high concentrations of salt. Ex. Salt lakes

52
Q

Thermophiles

A

Survive in extreme temperatures. Ex. Hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents

53
Q

Methanogens

A

Produce methane, most live in anaerobic environments. Ex. Responsible for swamp gas

54
Q

Gram-negative

A
  • 2 membranes
  • appears pink after staining
  • less susceptible to antibiotics
  • extra membrane makes it harder for antibiotics to penetrate the bacterial cell
55
Q

Gram-positive

A
  • 1 membrane
  • appears purple after staining
  • more susceptible to antibiotics
  • less likely to cause infection to other species
56
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Archaebacteria:
- Live in extreme enviroments
- Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Eubacteria:
- Contains peptidoglycan in the cell wall
- Gram staining
- Shape and arrangement

57
Q

autotroph

A

plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances

58
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition

59
Q

photoautotroph

A

Photoautotrophs are organisms that make their own food using light and carbon dioxide via photosynthesis

60
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Attachment: The virus binds to specific receptors on host cell surface.
Entry: Virus injects its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell.
Replication: Host cell’s machinery is hijacked to replicate viral genetic material and produce viral components (proteins, nucleic acids).
Assembly: Viral components assemble to form complete viruses inside the host cell.
Lysis: Host cell bursts open (lyses), releasing new viruses.
Infection spreads: Newly released viruses infect nearby cells, repeating the lytic cycle.

61
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell and injects its genetic material.
Integration: Viral DNA integrates into host cell’s genome, becoming a prophage.
Replication: Host cell replicates normally, including the viral DNA.
Activation: Environmental triggers or stressors induce the prophage to exit the host genome and enter the lytic cycle.
Reproduction: Prophage directs host cell to produce viral components and assemble new viruses.
Release: Host cell lyses, releasing new viruses to infect other cells.

Flash Cards (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions