bio Flashcards
3 structural features found in all viruses
- genetic material
- capsid
- attachment protein
function of attachment protein in all viruses
binds to receptors on cell
why viruses are described as acellular and non-living
- acellular as there is no cell-surface membrane
- non-living as they have no metabolic reactions
one reason why antibiotics are not effective against viruses
do not have bacterial structures
3 ways the structure of chitin is similar to structure of cellulose
- alternate glucose are flipped by 180
- joined by glycosidic bonds
- forms linear molecules
one adaptation of gas exchange surface in tracheal system of insects
tracheole wall one cell thick
so rapid diffusion pathway
importance of the xylem being kept open as continuous tube
- allows unbroken water column
- cohesion from H bonds between all water molecules
- transpiration creates tension in column
2 functions of Golgi apparatus
- transport proteins
- transport lipids
- form lysosomes
why resistance is common
- mutation produced allele
- those with allele do not get disease
- so more likely to reproduce and pass on allele
- over generations allele frequency increases
why damage to cells lining ileum reduces absorption of the products of digestion + why this reduces absorption of water
reduced surface area
decreases water potential in ileum
so water moves out of cells by osmosis
how anti-toxin antibody (proteins) given by mouth would be digested
- peptide bonds hydrolysed
- endopeptidase break internal peptide bonds
- exopeptidase break terminal peptide bonds
- dipeptidase breaks dipeptides to amino acids
aseptic techniques
- wash hands with soap
- disinfect surfaces
- use sterile pipette to transfer bacteria
- flame neck of bottle
- lift lid of agar plate at angle
- use sterile spreader
- place pipette / spreader into disinfectant
define genome
complete set of genes in a cell
define proteome
full range of protein that a cell can produce
why several species have been renamed in recent years
amino acid sequencing
