Bio 152 Lab 2

Question 1

Prokaryotic Cell Traits

Answer 1

• unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures.
• Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cell Traits

Answer 2

• a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
• eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
• multicellular

Question 3

Epithelial Tissue ( characteristics, function and locations)

Answer 3

• 1 or more layers
• lines surfaces, protects and forms gland for secretion
• 8 types
  ex. skin, lining of organs

Question 4

Connective Tissues (characteristics, function and locations)

Answer 4

• cells spread out with extracellular matrix in between
• 13 types
• provides structure, support, fills spaces, binds and connects
• stores energy
  ex. found within blood vessels

Question 5

Muscle Tissue (characteristics, function and locations)

Answer 5

• striated cells or spindle shaped cells
• contracts to produces movement (or contractions in heart)
• walls of visceral organs, attach tendons and ligaments to skeleton
• 3 types

Question 6

Neural Tissue (characteristics, function and locations)

Answer 6

• neutrons with big cell bodies and processes
• various smaller neuroglia
• carries info via electrical impulses
• 2 basic types
  ex. spinal cord

Question 7

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 7

• one layer
• flattened nucleus
• apical surface
• found in red blood cells ad alveolar sacs

Question 8

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 8

• apical surface, basement membrane
• round nucleus
• found in kidney

Question 9

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 9

• tall nucleus
• tall rectangular cells
• found in small intestine
• limited protection
• lots of cytoplasm for secretion and absorption
• forms glands, line the stomach, intestine

Question 10

Stratified Squamous (2 types)

Answer 10

• many layers of cells, apical layers appear flat
• protects against abrasion, chemicals, pathogens
  a) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  struc. apical layers of cells packed with keratin protein
  func. prevents water loss
  loc. skin
  b) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  struc. no keratin protein, must be kept moist
  loc. lines oral cavity, esophagus, anus and VAGINA

Question 11

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 11

• protection and secretion

- rare e.g. forms ducts of sweat, mammary glands

Question 12

Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 12

• protection and secretion

- rare e.g. lines parts of pharynx and urethra

Question 13

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 13

• cells vary in size (ALL contact the basement membrane)
• protects, secretes, moves material along passageway
• lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and ovarian tubes

Question 14

Transitional epithelium

Answer 14

• tolerates stretching, recoil

- empty vs. full bladder

Question 15

Hyperplasia

Answer 15

• smoke damage to tissues ( generally in lungs)

Question 16

cytosol

Answer 16

consists of water, proteins, salts, sugars and other solutes; liquid portion of cell in which chemical reactions occur

Question 17

cytoskeleton

Answer 17

(not visible on model) composed of protein filaments; gives shape and physical support to the cell; organizes cell contents

Question 18

plasma membrane

Answer 18

phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins; regulates exchange of materials between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid; involved in cell communication

Question 19

centrioles

Answer 19

pair, located in the centrosome; organizes cytoskeleton during cell division; if unpaired, forms basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Question 20

cytoplasm

Answer 20

material inside cell excluding nucleus; site of most cellular activities

Question 21

mitochondrion (singular)

Answer 21

has outer membrane and inner membrane with folds; produces ATP

Question 22

nucleolus

Answer 22

appears as dark spot within nucleus; synthesizes rRNA, assembles ribosomal subunits

Question 23

nuclear envelope

Answer 23

double membrane; encloses nucleus, separates DNA from cytoplasm

Question 24

nuclear pore

Answer 24

opening lined with protein complexes; regulates passage of RNA, proteins and other molecules

Question 25

nucleus

Answer 25

contains chromatin (loosely coiled DNA); control center of cell; contains genetic material needed to direct protein synthesis

Question 26

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

membranous network with no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids for hormones, membranes and storage; detoxifies; stores Ca in muscle cells

Question 27

lysosome

Answer 27

vesicle containing digestive enzymes; digests and recycles old organelles, ingested foreign particles, and old or damaged cells

Question 28

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 28

membranous network studded with ribosomes; site for synthesis, modification and packaging of secreted proteins

Question 29

vesicle

Answer 29

small membrane bound sac; stores and transports fluids and molecules

Question 30

ribosome

Answer 30

composed of rRNA and proteins; translates genetic code to synthesize proteins

Question 31

Golgi apparatus

Answer 31

stack of membranous discs; receives, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins in vesicles