Bio 152 Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Which characteristic does not link the “green algae” with land plants?

a. The use of chlorophylls a and b

b. Primary endosymbiosis

c. Starch as a major storage compound

d. Chloroplasts

e. Protected embryo

Answer 1

e. Protected embryo

Answer 2

d. Mycelium

Answer 3

Fungi break down lignin in dead trees

Fungi are detritivores

Fungi produce diverse chemicals which can be used medicine and biotechnology

Some fungi can ferment sugars into alcohol and CO₂

Fungi can be pathogens on animals and plants

Answer 4

1. Role in nutrient
cycling
- Breakdown of plant
material – only
organisms which can
digest lignin
- Digest plant and animal
detritus and return
nutrients to soil and
atmosphere

2. Fungal Partners

Fungi help ‘feed’ plants
- 90% plants have fungal
partners (mycorrhizae) to
help nutrient uptake

3. Pathogenic Fungi
-Attack humans e.g.
athletes foot, ringworm,
candida
- Destroy crops
- Kills trees/forests
- Spoils food e.g. molds
- Killing amphibians

4. Food Production
- Brewing
- Wine production
- Molds in cheese production
- Baking
- Mushrooms, truffles
- Quorn (mycoprotein

5. Medicine and Biotechnology
- Antibiotics –
revolutionised modern
medicine
- Numerous other
therapeutic
pharmochemicals
- Degrade toxic wastes
- Citric acid production

Answer 5

Fungi and Algae
Important in succession, colonizers of bare rocks

Answer 6

Sets of chromosomes

Answer 7

Hyphae are the building blocks of fungus, mycelium is the body
Hyphae make up mycelium
Chapter 18: Concept 18.1

Answer 8

Plant remains that have been compacted over millions of years

Answer 9

the major types of communities and
ecosystems of plants and animals, adapted to a
particular environment, that are typical of broad
geographic regions

– No sharp boundaries, one biomes grades into another
– May be patchiness within a biome
– Boundries may be changing with climate change

Biomes are named according to the
dominant plants of the region

Answer 10

Strongly influenced by climate
– Rainfall (precipitation)
– Temperature (strongly influenced by latitude &
altitude)
– Evapotranspiration
- water transferred from the earth's surface to the
atmosphere, including transpiration from plants
• Geology
• Human (anthropogenic) activities

Answer 11

Biomes have different resource
limitations for plants
• Examples in relation to habitat
– Succulents and reduced leaves – deserts
– Deciduous or tough needles as leaves – cold
regions
– Broad leaves to capture light – temperate
tropical rainforests

Answer 12

-Organic debris decomposes rapidly, soils are
generally poor
• Forest floor vegetation sparse – low light
• Epiphytes and lianas common – adaptation of
growth form to compete with trees for light
-Broad leaves to capture more light
What are epiphytes? | Gulo in Nature

Answer 13

-Found on the edges of forest
• Marked periods of drought and warm
temperatures
• Open grassy plains maintained by periodic burning
(lightning or anthropogenic)
• Trees widely scattered,
– low-growing with thick bark, small leaves to minimize water
transpiration
• Grasses, bulbous plants and few annuals
• Savanna grades into desert (Africa, N Australia)
• Savanna can grade into forest and grassland (N.
America)
Scientists Say: Savanna

Answer 14

High temperatures during days, cool or cold at night
• Little moisture in air and ~25 cm/year rain
• Perennials survive for several years by becoming dormant
and flourishing when water is available
• Annuals are referred to as ephemerals because some can
complete an entire life cycle in weeks.
• Cacti, small bushes, short grasses

Desert Annuals –
complete their
lifecycle rapidly
• Seeds can survive
several years and
periods of drought,
and germinate rapidly

Answer 15

• Hot, dry summers, cool wet winters
• Perennial shrub-dominated community
• Dense impenetrable thicket with 80% cover
• Canopy height 1- 4 m
-Poor soils but diverse plant life
Ten Reasons Why Chaparral is so Awesome - Chaparral Wisdom

Ten Reasons Why Chaparral is so Awesome - Chaparral Wisdom

Answer 16

Hot dry summers and cool moist winters
• Shrublands usually get more rain than deserts and
grasslands but less than forested areas
• Plants have adapted to fire caused by the frequent lightning
• Aromatic herbs (sage, rosemary, thyme, oregano),
shrubs, acacia, chamise, grasses

Answer 17

• Can resemble savannas
• Found where temperatures are colder
• Dryer regions grade into desert,
wetter ones into deciduous forest
Dominated by perennial grasses, perennial herbs
• Few Trees except in disturbed areas
• Fertile soils

Answer 18

Warm summers, cold winters
• Moderate precipitation
•Several layers of vegetation
Tall deciduous trees
Deciduous shrubs

Answer 19

Short wet summers
• Long cold winters
• Soil usually thin, nutrient-poor, acidic
• Responsible for seasonal oscillation in
atmospheric CO₂ Characterized by conifers – needle leaves
• Some deciduous trees
•Grades into Tundra at northern latitudes and with
greater altitude

Answer 20

Farthest latitude limits of plant growth
• Permanent ice or permafrost close to soil surface
• Does not support trees or shrubs
• Moist because water cannot percolate into soil
• No annuals or woody plants
• Perennial plants common
Unknown effects of permafrost melting and breakup

Answer 21

a) Aerial roots (pneumatophores) oxygen
for roots acquired directly from the air
b) Lateral roots: stability in soft
sediments
c) Viviparity: Seed germinate while still
attached to parent plant
Ultra filtration of brackish water in the
roots
Amazing Mangroves | Britannica

Answer 22

Plants tolerant to high salinity including
osmoregulation mechanisms
Aerenchyma tissue for oxygen transport
from leaves to submerged parts of the plant

Answer 23

Corals have a symbiotic (obligatory
mutualism) with a photosynthetic
organism - zooxanthellae, a type of
dinoflagellate.
The zooxanthellae provide sugars
to the coral, which uses them for
energy, including building their
calcium carbonate growth, which in
turn protects the zooxanthellae

Answer 24

High growth rate
 Require relative cold, nutrient rich water
 Can create extensive underwater forests
 High production, biodiversity and ecological
function
 High economic value

Answer 25

Cellulose cell wall
• Starch as carbohydrate storage form
• Chlorophylls a and b, and beta-carotene
• Similarities in mechanisms of mitosis and
cytokinesis (cell division)
• Similarities in sperm ultrastructure
• Molecular data – gene sequence similarity
• Similarities in life cycles

Answer 26

haploid dominant
alternation of generation
diploid dominant