Bio 141 - CHPTR 19 Flashcards
Pathology:
The study of disease
Bradycardia
HR lower than 60 bpm, caused endurance training, sleeping, meditation/relaxtion
Tachycardia
HR above 100 bpm, caused by stress, anxiety, drugs, heart diease
Etiology:
The study of the cause of a disease
Systole
Contraction phase of heart ( chambers pump blood out ) occurs @ .3 secs
Pathogenesis:
The development of disease
Diastole
Relaxtion phase of heart ( chambers fill with blood) occurs @ .5 secs
Infection:
Colonization of the body by pathogens
Disease:
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Pacemaker of the heart, sets hearts rhythm
Cells of intermodal pathway
Sends electrical signal through arterial myocardium, causes atrial systole (contraction)
Symbiosis
is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
mutualism
, both organisms benefit
AV Node
Electrical gateway to ventricles; electrical signal delayed allowing ventricles to completely fill.
commensalism,
one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
parasitism,
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
Electromechanical Coupling
Electrical signals control the mechanical events of the heart
Normally Sterile Areas of the Body
- Inner ear
- Lower respiratory tract
- Blood
- Central nervous system
- Upper urinary tract
- Uterus
Atrioventricular Bundle
Electrical signal down interventicular septum toward apex of heart
Probiotics
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Purkinje Fibers
Carries electrical signal up to ventricular myocardium causes ventricular systole (contraction)
Communicable disease
A disease that is spread from one host to another
: Contagious disease:
A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Noncommunicable disease
: A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Endemic disease:
Disease constantly present in a population
Epidemic disease:
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Pandemic disease:
Worldwide epidemic
Think “pan”, SPANS across the world
Herd immunity:
Immunity in MOST of a population
Local infection:
Pathogens are LIMITED TO SMALL AREA of the body
Systemic infection:
An infection THROUGHOUT the body
Focal infection:
Systemic infection that began as a LOCAL infection
Sepsis:
Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Bacteremia:
Bacteria in the blood
Septicemia:
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Toxemia:
Toxins in the blood (e.g., tetanus)
Viremia:
Viruses in the blood
Primary infection:
Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Secondary infection:
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection (e.g., streptococcal bronchial pneumonia following flu)
Subclinical disease:
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)(e.g., poliovirus or hepatitus A)
Predisposing factors:
make the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of a disease
= Gender, age, climate and weather, inadequate nutrition, pre-existing illness, chemotherapy
Prodromal period:
relatively short period characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease (general aches) and certain very specific symptoms (Koplick’s spots in measles)
Period of illness:
the time during which the disease is most acute
Patient shows overt signs and symptoms of disease
Period of decline:
signs and symptoms of disease subside; vulnerable to 2ndary infection
Period of convalescence:
person regains strength and body returns to its prediseased state
Fomites
Inanimate objects capable of transmitting agents of infectious disease - Examples = Soil = Water = Toys = Sheets and linens = IV fluids = Contaminated syringes
Direct: (Contact)
Requires close association between infected and susceptible host
Indirect: (Contact)
Spread by fomites
Droplet: (Contact)
Transmission via airborne droplets
Compromised host:
one whose resistance is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
Nosocomial Infections
- Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
- Affect 5–15% of all hospital patients; 36% increase in last 20 years
- 8th leading cause of death in U.S.
