BIO 1408 Lab Exam II Flashcards
Lab Exam II
Know the overall equation for both aerobic respiration and fermentation.
Aerobic respiration equation: 6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Fermentation equation: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO.
What is the universal energy currency?
ATP
What are the origins of the reactants and the destination of the products?
Products are carbon dioxide, water and energy. Reactants are glucose and oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
oxygen
Be familiar with the anaerobic respiration experiment (fermentation)
Fill test tubes,top with yeast, slide inverted TT over top and flip over. effect of soln on respiration rate causing CO2 production. Yeast - rate inc, need for ferm. Glucose - rate inc, activator/fuel. NaF - rate dec, inhibitor. Na Pyruvate - rate big inc, activator. MgSO4 - rate inc, activator.
Know the parts of the mitochondria.
Outer & Inner Membrane, Innermembrane Space, Crista, Matrix
Know the reactants and products of photosynthesis. In what plant organelle does this process occur?
Reactants=water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide.
Products=oxygen and glucose.
Location=chloroplast
Define paper chromatography.
It is widely used for the separation and identification of compounds of biochemical interest.
What solvent is used in paper chromatography, and how does it work?
Non-polor solvent
Involves two phases (one mobile phase and one stationary phase).
Add substance to stationary phase and then allow mobile phase to run through it. Things attracted to stationary phase will stay and things attracted to the mobile phase will move with it.
Know the pigments represented by the different bands on the paper chromatogram. Which pigment is most non- polar?
(bottom–>top): chloro B, chloro A, xanophyll, carotene. top is most soluble/nonpolar
Why is it beneficial to have several different plant pigments involved in photosynthesis.what color of light is best for photosynthesis?
more wavelengths can be absorbed, white because all colors present
Do plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day? Explain your answer. Do plants carry out cellular respiration only at night? Explain your answer
true, during day because thats when light is available to be converted to energy. 2 - False, need energy all the time
Know the parts of the chloroplast model. Be able to label the parts of the leaf.
I need this one from the lab book
The cell cycle consists of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Know what happens in each of these stages.
Interphase:G1,S,G2,G0>P.M.A.T., Cytokenesis
Define chromatids, centromere, cytokinesis, spindle fibers, centrioles, chromatin, chromosomes.
two identical chromosomes, middle of the chromosome, two separate daughter cells, help separate the chromosomes( cylinder), thin fibers, cellular structure carrying genetic material.
Identify and be familiar with the cleavage furrow and the cell plate. Explain why cleavage furrowing is a suitable mechanism for cytokinesis for animal cells but not plant cells Explain why.
telophase, plants have cell walls and cellulose is too tough and centrioles and cleavage furrow in animals only; plants have cell plate when going through cytokinesis
Define diploid, haploid, homologous chromosomes.
diploid - 2n, homologous pairs. haploid - n, no pair,same length, shape and genes, one from each parent
What is synapsis? What is crossing over? What does it result in?
synapsis - homologous pairs coming together. crossing over - swap equal amount of genetic material (chromatids). results in genetic recombination
Define allele, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous and homozygous.
gene that governs characteristic, The entire genetic makeup of an organism, An organisms appearance or another detectable characteristic, an organism that has two different alleles for a trait, An individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes.
Be able to do both a monhybrid & dihybrid cross. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a both crosses?
3:1, 9:3:3:1
Where are autosomal characteristics carried? Where are sex-linked traits carried?
chromosomes 1-22, position 23
How are X-linked traits inherited differently in males and females? Be able to do the crosses.
They differ in size and appearance,Females can be carriers, males cannot.
Be able to recognize incomplete dominance and codominance.
where there is only one color, one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype
How can you tell the sex of an individual in a normal karyotype? What are the chromosome abnormalities that are associated with Turner syndrome?
23rd position, larger is X, smaller is y
X{X}
What chromosome abnormality is associated with Down syndrome? Be able to recognize these karyotypes.
trisomy/nondisfunctional 21 95% of the time
47, XY, +21 or 47, XX, +21
Know what a pedigree is and be able to determine patterns of inheritance.
a family tree of genetics
Define replication, transcription, translation, and gel electrophoresis.
DNA makes an identical copy of itself,DNA makes complementary copy of itself into mRNA,
Codones on mRNA are translated into polypeptides, Separates molecules based on size and charge
What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide of DNA?
dioxyribose & phosphate (sides), nitrogenous bases (rungs)
In DNA, which parts make up the ladder sides and which part make up the ladder rungs?
Sides=sugar and phosphate, Rungs=bases
Given a sequence of DNA bases on one strand, be able to predict the base sequence on the new strand.
G goes to C
T goes to A
What is a codon? What is its function? What organelle is associated with translation?
a specific group of 3 sequential bases of mRNA,Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, ribosomes
What is gel electrophoresis used for? Upon what basis does it separate molecules? In gel electrophoresis, what makes molecules migrate?
used to separate DNA fragments (or other macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins) based on their size and charge.t separates molecules on the basis of charge, size, and shape.
What is DNA fingerprinting and be able to use it to answer application questions.
a technique used by scientists to distinguish b/t individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA.
Who is the father of evolution and what did he write?
Charles Darwin
Organisms have one common ancestor and have evolved throughout time.
Define natural selection and adaptive radiation. What evidence supports evolutionary theory?
Some organisms have an advantage over others,A process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available.
the fossil record
amino acid comparisons
homologous structures
Define homologous and analogous structures. What are some examples of vestigial structures?
a trait found in two species that inherited if from the same common ancestor,a trait with a similar function found in two unrelated species. human tail bone, monkey tail, appendix, wisdom teeth
Glycolysis
Stage 1 of cellular respiration Location: cytoplasm What happens: glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (2 3-carbon compounds) Reactant: 1Glucose Products: 2Pyruvates Produces: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (net)
Citric Acid Cycle
Stage 2 of cellular respiration
Location: matrix of mitochondria
What happens: completes breakdown of carbon dioxide, makes small amounts of ATP, provides electrons
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Stage 3 of cellular respiration
Location: inner membrane and inner membrane space of mitochondria
What happens: electron transport chain, chemiosmosis; energy from electrons–> produces 32 ATP
Why is the detergent added to the cells during DNA extraction?
To break down the phospholipid layer
What are some scientific uses of extracting DNA from cells?
Cut, paste, mutate and transfer the DNA molecule with relative ease
