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BIOL-1407-001 Exam 3 Review > BIO 1407 > Flashcards

BIO 1407 Flashcards

1
Q

Know the characteristics of no vascular plants

A

-Known as bryophytes
- Do not form a monophyletic group
- Are herbaceous(non-woody) plants
- Anchored by rhizoids instead of roots
- Thallus instead of leaves
- Doesn’t have true stem, pollen, and seeds
- Sperm swims through water to reach and fertilize the egg
- Life cycle dominated by gametophytes(mostly haploid)
- Earliest lineages to diverge from a common land plant ancestor
- Due to the lack of vascular tissue, they tend to be thin and small

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2
Q

Know the examples of non vascular plants

A

Liverworts
Mosses(first thought to evolve)
Hornworts
Sphagnum “peat moss” used as fuel and is due to low temp., pH, and oxygen levels

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3
Q

Know the characteristics of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Known as lycophytes & monilophytes
  • Have flagellated sperm/restricted to moist environments
  • Ancestors grew tall during the Devonian and Carboniferous; first forest
  • Decaying plants of these Carboniferous formed coal over millions of years
  • Heterosporous(mostly diploid)
  • Homosporous; produces 1 bisexual gametophyte
  • Xylem: Water&minerals includes tracheostomy and strengthened by ligin and provide structural support
  • Phloem: Sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
    (Increase height; evolutionary advantage)
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4
Q

Know the examples of seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophytes: club mosses, spikemoss, quiliworts

Monilophytes: ferns, horsetail, whisk ferns

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5
Q

What benefits does vascular tissue offer?

A

Lignin, which is in Xylem tissue, allows cell walls to be strengthened; grow taller. Provide support against gravity and outcompete short plants for access to sunlight; photosynthesis. Spores can be dispersed farther; colonize new environments rapidly.

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6
Q

Know the characteristics of gymnosperms

A
  • Known as “naked seed”
  • Form comes; plants called conifers(pines, firs, and redwood)
  • Small yellow pollen cones(microsporangia)
  • Large ovulate cones( magasporangia)
  • Dispersible stage in the life cycle
  • Pollen airborne agent that brings gametes together(wind) & seeds
  • Pollen allows plants to reproduce without water and seed; all embryo wait until conditions are good before growth.
  • Thrive in dry climates
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7
Q

Examples of gymnosperms

A
  • Cycadophyta (Cycads)
  • Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba)
  • Gnetophyta (Ginetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
  • Coniferophyta (Conifers)(Largest)
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8
Q

Know the characteristics of angiosperms

A
  • Reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
  • Fruits are mature ovaries and can be either dry or fleshy
  • Flowers are specialized for sexual reproduction
  • Pollen allows plants to reproduce without water and seed; all embryo to wait until conditions are good before growth
  • Pollination: By butterflies, moths, bats, flies, and bees
  • Seed dispersal: Explosive, wind, animal feces, and hitchhiking
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9
Q

What are seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms evolutionary order?

A

Green algae -> mosses -> ferns -> conifers -> flowers

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10
Q

Which is the most successful group of plants and why?

A

Angiosperms(flowering plants). Not only do they produce seeds and pollen, but they also rely more on animal distribution of pollen rather than wind such as the majority of conifers.

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11
Q

Identify and describe the function of the pistil

A

The pistil(carpel) collects pollen via stigma and contains eggs in the ovary

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12
Q

Identify and describe the function of the stamen.

A

The stamen produces pollen via anther

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13
Q

Identify and describe the function of the ovule.

A

The ovule contains the egg inside the ovary.

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14
Q

Identify and describe the function of the seed coat.

A

The seed coat protects the plant’s embryo

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15
Q

Identify and describe the function of pollen.

A

Pollen contains the male gamete(sperm)

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16
Q

What is the apical?

A

The apical increase the length of the stem.

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17
Q

What is the axillary bud?

A

The axillary bud as the potential of forming a lateral branch, thorn, or flower.

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18
Q

What are nodes?

A

Nodes are the points at which leaves are attached; places on the stem that have a bud.

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19
Q

What is the apical meristems?

A

The apical meristems provides primary growth. Its actively dividing cells and the tip of the stems(inside apical buds)

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20
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A

Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants through a process called secondary growth. The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem(wood) and secondary phloem. Cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher. They both increase the girth of plants except for grasses and lilies.

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21
Q

What are annuals?

A

Plants that have a life cycle of one year.

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22
Q

What are biennials?

A

Plants that have a life cycle of two years.

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23
Q

What are perennials?

A

Plants that grows year after year.

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24
Q

What is a stomata?

A

An area on a leaf for gas exchange to conduct photosynthesis.

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25
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth of a plant in response to light

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26
Q

What is thigmotropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to touch

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27
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to gravity

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28
Q

What does germination mean?

A

When a seed starts to grow

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29
Q

What is salt stress?

A

Aquifers are becoming more salty as the water level drops and plants don’t like really salt.

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30
Q

What is happening to bees and the possible causes?

A

For a while bee population were plummeting. It was thought to be due to lack of wild flowers, diseases, and pesticides.

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31
Q

How do bees make honey?

A

Need take nectar from flowers to concentrate in their honey stomach to form a vomit chain with other bees to fully prepare honey.

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32
Q

What are prop roots and their function?

A

Found in corn; it’s for support in loose soils. It helps to keep plants upright.

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33
Q

What are buttress roots and their function?

A

Found in tropical trees; for support in shallow moist soils. It helps to stabilize plants in shallow soils

34
Q

What are storage roots and their function?

A

Found in beets; store nutrients

35
Q

What are pneumatophores roots and their function?

A

Found in mangroves; plants roots that still need oxygen. Helps the plant get oxygen even submerged in water.

36
Q

What are “strangling” aerial roots and their function?

A

Aerial roots are roots on top of soil

37
Q

What are stolon stems?

A

“Runners” that can form new plants at the nodes. They are horizontal stems for asexual reproduction.

38
Q

What are rhizome stems?

A

Rhizomes are stems underground.

39
Q

What are tuber stems?

A

Tubers are stems underground used for storage of food.

40
Q

What are thorns?

A

Specialized stem for protection; not the same as a prickles on a rose

41
Q

What is the function of tendrils

A

Tendrils are modified leaves used for grasping for support such in some vines and pea plants

42
Q

What is the function of spines?

A

Spines are modified leaves found on cacti for protection.

43
Q

What is the function of storage leaves?

A

Storage are modified leaves found in onions for nutrient storage.

44
Q

What does dorsal refer to?

A

The back of an animal; not the same as posterior

45
Q

What does ventral refer to?

A

The bottom of an animal; not the same as anterior.

46
Q

What is the Ectoderm and what did it give rise to?

A

The Ectoderm covers the surface of the embryo and gives rise to the outer layer covering of the animal(skin)and to the central nervous system.

47
Q

What is the Endoderm and what did it give rise to?

A

The Endoderm is the innermost germ layer and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and to the lining of organs such as the liver and lungs. Make visceral organs.

48
Q

What is the mesoderm and what did it give rise to?

A

The mesoderm is the third layer and gives rise to forming the muscles.

49
Q

What are functions of the body cavity?

A

Cushion organs and allow them to move independently of the body wall. It allows for greater complexity/specialize of organs.

50
Q

What are coelomates?

A

Coelomates are animals with true coelom derived from mesoderm( true body cavity; a fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall.)

51
Q

What are pseudocoelomates?

A

Pseudocoelomates are animals with a body cavity derived from mesoderm and endoderm. They have false cavities.

52
Q

What are acoelomates?

A

Acoelomates are animals that lack a body cavity altogether.

53
Q

What is the phylum Porifera?

A

Animals in the phylum are called sponges. They have porous bodies, filter feeders, asymmetrical, hermaphrodites, and has no true tissues.

54
Q

What is the phylum Cnidaria?

A

Animals in this phylum includes corals, jellies, and hydras. They possess TRUE TISSUES, nerve “net”, asexual and sexual reproduction, stinging tentacles, gastrovascular cavity, and RADIAL SYMMETRIC BODIES.

55
Q

What is the phylum Platyhelminthes?

A

Animals in the phylum includes flatworms, tapeworms, planarians, and flukes. Flatworms and some free living parasites require 2 host. They possess a gastrovasular cavity, CENTRALIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM(ganglia in the head), most are hermaphrodites, and are BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL.

56
Q

What does the subdivision Cestoda of the phylum Platyhelminths refer to?

A

Cestoda refers to tapeworms. They require 2 host one being a human and the other either being a pig or cow. They are intestinal parasites. The tapeworms in pig are dangerous because they are able to embed themselves into the muscles such as the brain. For cats and dogs, the flea is intermediate.

57
Q

What does the subdivision Trematoda in the phylum Platyhelminths refer to?

A

Trematoda refer to flukes. They require to host one being a human and the other being a snail. They explode/burst out of the snail.They burrow into the skin of humans.They spend some time in the liver.

58
Q

What is the phylum Nematode?

A

Animals in this phylum are called roundworms. They are parasitic to both plants and animals. Trichinella spiralis is a parasite acquired by humans from undercooked pork. They have a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT.

59
Q

What is the phylum Mollusca?

A

Animals in this phylum includes snails, clams, squids, and octopi. They are soft-bodied animals or shelled animals protected by a calcium carbonate shell and have hydrostatic skeletons. They have a FULL DIGESTIVE TRCAT AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. They’re the largest number of extinction due to hunting for pearls and food

60
Q

What is the phylum Annelida?

A

Animals in this phylum includes earthworms and leeches(most are parasites). They are coelomates. They have segmented bodies, hydrostatic skeletons, and mostly hermaphrodites.

61
Q

What is the phylum Arthropods?

A

Animals include insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. They have segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages. They are the largest group of animals and most successful, diverse, and have an open circulatory system . Zoologists estimate there are about a billion (10^18).

62
Q

What does the subdivision insects in the phylum Arthropoda have?

A

Insects have 3 body segments, 6 legs, and wings.

63
Q

What does the subdivision Arachnids in the phylum Arthropoda have?

A

Arachnids have 2 body segments, 8 legs, and no wings.

64
Q

What does the subdivision Crustaceans in the phylum Arthropoda have?

A

Crustaceans vary in body segments, usually more than 8 legs, and are usually aquatic

65
Q

What are Chondrichthyans?

A

Animals include sharks and rays. Their skeleton is composed primarily of cartilage. They possess electrical receptors for detecting prey. They have internal fertilization and give live birth(ovoviviparous). They have gills and teeth-like scales.

66
Q

What are Osteichthyans?

A

Osteichthyans are known as bony fish. They have a swim bladder for buoyancy, a bony skeleton, external fertilization, gelatinous eggs, and gills.

67
Q

What are Amphibians?

A

Amphibians include frogs, toad, and salamanders. Juveniles are aquatic with gills while the adults are terrestrial with lungs. External fertilization produce gelatinous eggs. They don’t possess scale due to their skin being a secondary respiratory structure.

68
Q

What are Reptiles?

A

Reptiles includes snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocs. Their eggs are leathery and AMNIOTIC. They have fingernail-like scales. FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL.

69
Q

What are Birds?

A

Birds have keratin feathers, lack a urinary bladder, have hard-shelled eggs, hollow bones, extended sternum for flight muscles, and are ENDOTHERMIC.

70
Q

What are mammals?

A

Mammals have mammary glands that produce milk, hair and a layer of fat under the skin for insulation,give live birth(extensive parental care), and a large brain-to-body-size ratio.

71
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

Oviparous refers to laying eggs.

72
Q

What does ovovivparous mean?

A

Ovoviviparous refers to eggs hatching inside the mother.

73
Q

What does Viviparous mean?

A

Viviparous refers to live birth; no eggs.

74
Q

What the function of chorion?

A

Chorion becomes part of the placenta in mammals.

75
Q

What is the function of the yolk and albumin?

A

The yolk and albumin(egg white)provides nourishment to the embryo.

76
Q

What is the function of the air cell?

A

The air cell is for gas exchange. As water is lost air enters enlarging the air cell.

77
Q

What is the function of amnion?

A

Amnion is for cushion and regulate temperature

78
Q

What is the function of allantois?

A

Allantois collects nitrogenous wastes; disposal sac.

79
Q

What is the Notochord?

A

The notochord is the flexible rod for skeletal support. Most loose this as vertebrae develop.

80
Q

What is the dorsal hollow nerve chord?

A

The dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord.

BIOL-1407-001 Exam 3 Review (1 decks)

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