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Biology Final vocab > bio > Flashcards

bio Flashcards

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1
Q

alternation of generations

A

a life cycle where the diploid and haploid stages alternate

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2
Q

aneuploid

A

an individual with an error in chromosome number

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3
Q

autosome

A

any of the non sex chromosomes

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4
Q

chiasmata

A

the structure that forms at the crossover points

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5
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of genetic material

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6
Q

diploid dominant

A

a life cycle where the multicellular diploid stage is widespread

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7
Q

euploid

A

an individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes

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8
Q

fertilization

A

the union of 2 haploid cells

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9
Q

gametophyte

A

a multicellular haploid life cycle that produces gametes

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10
Q

germ cell

A

a specialized cell that produces gametes

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11
Q

haploid dominant

A

a life cycle where the multicellular haploid stage is widespread

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12
Q

interkinesis

A

a period of rest that occurs between meiosis 1 and 2

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13
Q

karyotype

A

the number and appearance of an individuals chromosomes

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14
Q

life cycle

A

sequences of events

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15
Q

meiosis

A

a nuclear division process that results in 4 haploid cells

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16
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of the homologous to completely separate

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17
Q

polyploid

A

individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets

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18
Q

recombinant

A

describing something composed of genetic material from 2 sources

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19
Q

somatic cell

A

all the cells of a multicellular organism except gamete forming cells

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20
Q

synapsis

A

formation of close association between homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

tetrad

A

2 duplicated homologous chromosomes held together

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22
Q

trisomy

A

a diploid genotype where the entire chromosome is duplicated

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23
Q

allele

A

1 of 2 or more variants of a gene

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24
Q

codominance

A

in a heterozygote; results in the presence of both traits

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25
Q

dihybrid

A

the result of a cross between 2 true-breeding parents

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26
Q

dominant

A

a trait that masks the expression of another trait

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27
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup or composition of an organism

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28
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 DIFFERENT alleles

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29
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 IDENTICAL alleles

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30
Q

hybridization

A

the process of mating 2 different individuals

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31
Q

law of dominance

A

one trait will conceal the presence of another trait

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32
Q

law of independent assortment

A

genes do not influence each other

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33
Q

law of segregation

A

paired unit factors separate equally into gametes

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34
Q

monohybrid

A

the result of a cross between 2 true-breeding parents that express different traits

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35
Q

punnett square

A

a representation of a cross between 2 individuals

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36
Q

recessive

A

a trait whose expression is masked by another trait

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37
Q

recombination

A

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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38
Q

trait

A

a variation in an inherited characteristic

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39
Q

codon

A

three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA

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40
Q

deoxyribose

A

a 5-carbon sugar molecule with a hydrogen atom

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41
Q

DNA ligase

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments together

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42
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA complementary to a template strand

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43
Q

exon

A

a sequence in protein-coding mRNA

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44
Q

gene expression

A

processes that control wether a gene is expressed

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45
Q

genetic code

A

the amino acids that correspond to 3 nucleotide codons of mRNA

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46
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that helps to open up the DNA helix during DNA replication

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47
Q

lagging strand

A

the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork

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48
Q

leading strand

A

the strand that is made continuously

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49
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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50
Q

mutation

A

a permanent variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

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51
Q

nontemplate strand

A

the strand of DNA that isn’t used to describe mRNA

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52
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

the DNA fragments that are made in short pieces on the lagging strand

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53
Q

primer

A

a short stretch of RNA nucleotides that starts the replication

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54
Q

promoter

A

a sequence of DNA

55
Q

replication fork

A

the Y shaped structure formed during the initiation of replication

56
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes an RNA strand from a DNA template strand

57
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

58
Q

start codon

A

the AUG on an mRNA

59
Q

stop codon

A

one of the three mRNA codons

60
Q

telomerase

A

an enzyme that contains a catalytic part and inbuilt RNA template

61
Q

telomere

A

the DNA at the end of linear chromosomes

62
Q

template strand

A

the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule

63
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

64
Q

transcription bubble

A

the region of locally unwound DNA that allows mRNA transcription

65
Q

anneal

A

when 2 single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides

66
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms

67
Q

cloning

A

making an exact copy of something

68
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a technique used to separate molecules

69
Q

gene therapy

A

the technique used to cure heritable diseases

70
Q

genetic engineering

A

alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism

71
Q

genetic map

A

an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome

72
Q

genetic testing

A

identifying gene variants in an individual

73
Q

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

A

an organism whos genome has been artificially changed

74
Q

genomics

A

the study of entire genomes

75
Q

plasmid

A

a small circular molecule of DNA in bacteria

76
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA

77
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning

78
Q

recombinant protein

A

a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules

79
Q

adrenal gland

A

the gland associated with the kidneys

80
Q

alveolus (alveoli)

A

an air sac in the lungs

81
Q

amygdala

A

a structure in the limbic system that processes fear

82
Q

amylase

A

an enzyme found in the saliva

83
Q

anus

A

the exit point of the digestive system for waste material

84
Q

aorta

A

the major artery that takes blood away from the heart and into the circulatory systems

85
Q

artery

A

a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart

86
Q

atrium (atria)

A

a chamber of the heart the receives blood from the veins

87
Q

axon

A

tube-like structure that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons

88
Q

bile

A

a digestive juice produced by the liver

89
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

90
Q

brainstem

A

a portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord

91
Q

bronchi (bronchus)

A

smaller branches of cartilaginous tissue

92
Q

bronchiole

A

the airway the extendes from the bronchus to the alveolar sac

93
Q

capillary

A

the smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of blood cells

94
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

95
Q

cerebellum

A

the brain structure involved in posture, motor coordination, and learning new motor actions

96
Q

chyme

A

a mixture of partially digested food and stomach gases

97
Q

colon

A

the largest portion of the large intestine

98
Q

diaphragm

A

a skeletal muscle located under lungs

99
Q

ectotherm

A

an organism that relies on environmental heat sources to maintain body temperatures

100
Q

endocrine gland

A

the gland that produces hormones into the surrounding fluids

101
Q

endotherm

A

an organism that relies on internal heat sources to maintain body temperature

102
Q

esophagus

A

a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

103
Q

exocrine gland

A

the gland that produces chemicals

104
Q

frontal lube

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex

105
Q

gallbladder

A

organ that stores and concentrates bile

106
Q

glia

A

cells that provide support functions for neurons

107
Q

hormone

A

a chemical released by cells in one area of the body

108
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain structure that controls hormone release and body homeostasis

109
Q

joint

A

the point at which 2 or more bones meet

110
Q

kidney

A

the organ that performs essential functions in the body

111
Q

large intestine

A

a digestive system organ that reabsorbs water

112
Q

larynx

A

the voice box in the throat

113
Q

liver

A

organ that produces bile for digestion

114
Q

myofibril

A

the long cylindrical structures that like parallel to the muscle fiber

115
Q

myofilaments

A

the small structures that make up myofibrils

116
Q

nasal cavity

A

an opening of the respiratory system

117
Q

neuron

A

a specialized cell that receives and transmits electrical and chemical signals

118
Q

oral cavity

A

the point of entry of food into th digestive system

119
Q

pancreas

A

gland that produces digestive juices

120
Q

pancreas

A

organ located between the stomach and small intestine

121
Q

parathyroid gland

A

the gland located on the surface of the thyroid

122
Q

pharynx

A

the throat

123
Q

rectum

A

the area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

124
Q

salivary gland

A

one of the 3 pairs of exocrine glands

125
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

126
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional unit of skeletal muscle

127
Q

small intestine

A

the organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed

128
Q

spinal cord

A

a thick fiber bundle that connects the brain with the peripheral nerves

129
Q

stomach

A

a saclike organ containing acidic fluids

130
Q

synapse

A

a junction between 2 eurons

131
Q

thyroid gland

A

an endocrine gland located in the neck

132
Q

trachea

A

tube-like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi

133
Q

ventricle

A

a large chamber of the heart that pumps blood into arteries

Biology Final vocab (1 decks)

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