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BIO-121 > BIO-121 Topic 13 > Flashcards

BIO-121 Topic 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Cross that involves the inheritance of 2 traits

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2
Q

How many possible gametes for a test cross?

A

4

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3
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of a dihybrid cross beginning with heterozygotes?

A

9:3:3:1

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4
Q

9 =

A

Offspring have both dominant traits

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5
Q

3 =

A

Offspring have one of dominant traits and one of the recessive traits

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6
Q

1 =

A

Offspring has both recessive traits

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7
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles of a gene will assort independently of alleles of other genes

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8
Q

What phase of Meiosis does Independent Assortment refer to?

A

Metaphase I and II

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9
Q

Testcross

A

A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait

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10
Q

What would be the possible genotypes of an individual in a test cross?

A

Homozygous dominant or heterozygous

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11
Q

What happens in a testcross?

A

The individual with the dominant trait is crossed with the individual with the recessive trait

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12
Q

What are the 2 possible outcomes of a testcross?

A

100% heterozygous or 50-50% heterozygous-homozygous recessive

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13
Q

If the individual with the dominant trait is homozygous dominant, what % of the offspring will show the dominant trait?

A

100%

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14
Q

If the individual with the dominant trait is heterozygous, what % of the offspring will show the dominant trait?

A

50%

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15
Q

If human skin color was inherited by complete dominance, how many skin colors would there be?

A

Only 2

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16
Q

Does the environment effect the expression of genes?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Phenotype =

A

Genotype and effect on environment

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18
Q

What does tyrosinase do in Siamese cats?

A

Catalyzes the first step in the production of melanin

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19
Q

How do warm temperatures effect tyrosinase in the cat?

A

Enzyme is inactive

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20
Q

What color is the cats fur if the enzyme is inactive?

A

White

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21
Q

How do cold temperature effect tyrosinase in the cat?

A

Enzyme is active

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22
Q

What color is the cats fur if the enzyme is active?

A

Black

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23
Q

Continuous Variation =

A

Polygenic Inheritance

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24
Q

Continuous Variation

A

One trait can be determined by the interactions of many genes

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25
Q

What is an example of continuous variation?

A

Skin color

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26
Q

What is the opposite of continuous variation?

A

Pleiotropy

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27
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene effects many traits

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28
Q

Why does pleiotropy occur?

A

Living organisms rely on biochemical pathways and organ systems are interdependent

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29
Q

What exhibits many pleiotropic effects?

A

Human genetic disorders

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30
Q

What is an example of pleiotropy?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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31
Q

Do some genes have more than 2 alleles?

A

Yes

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32
Q

What is an example of multiple alleles?

A

ABO blood type in humans

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33
Q

3 alleles in blood type?

A

IA, IB, i

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34
Q

IA

A

Codes for an enzyme that adds galactosamine to the surface of RBCs; dominant

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35
Q

IB

A

Codes for an enzyme that adds galactose to the surface of RBC’s; dominant

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36
Q

i

A

Codes for the enzyme that does not add a sugar; recessive

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37
Q

What does the immune system recognize the sugars in RBC’s as?

A

Identity markers

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38
Q

How many total blood type genotypes?

A

6

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39
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype of a heterozygote is the blend of the phenotypes of the 2 homozygous parents

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40
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

A

Red, white, and pink flowers

41
Q

Codominance

A

Genes are expressed equally; one allele is not dominant over another

42
Q

What is an example of codominance?

A

Human blood type AB

43
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene cancels the effects of another gene

44
Q

What is an example of epistasis?

A

The coat color of labs

45
Q

Melanin

A

Only pigment produced by mammals

46
Q

Eumelanin

A

True melanin; brown or black

47
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Yellow or red

48
Q

When is pheomelanin expressed?

A

Only when eumelanin isn’t functioning

49
Q

As long as eumelanin is being produced, can you see pheomelanin?

A

No, even though it is being produced

50
Q

Phenotypic ratios due to epistasis?

A

9:3:4

51
Q

Genotypes of A blood?

A

IAIA or IAi

52
Q

Genotypes of B blood?

A

IBIB or IBi

53
Q

Genotypes of AB blood type?

A

IAIB

54
Q

Genotypes of O blood type?

A

ii

55
Q

Antigen in A blood?

A

Galactosamine

56
Q

Antigen in B blood?

A

Galactose

57
Q

Antigen in AB blood?

A

Galactosamine and galactose

58
Q

Antigen in O blood?

A

None

59
Q

Antibodies in A blood?

A

Anti-B

60
Q

Antibodies in B blood?

A

Anti-A

61
Q

Antibodies in AB blood?

A

None

62
Q

Antibodies in O blood?

A

Anti-A and Anti B

63
Q

O =

A

Universal donor

64
Q

AB =

A

Universal recipient

65
Q

Blood Plasma

A

Liquid part of the blood

66
Q

Rh

A

Another antigen on the surface of the RBC; either have it (+) or don’t (-)

67
Q

RHOgam

A

Vaccine that prevents mom’s body from making antibodies against Rh

68
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes on the same chromosome that are typically inherited together

69
Q

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A

Chromosomes containing genes are inherited by offspring from their parents

70
Q

Autosomes

A

44 chromosomes other than the 2 sex ones

71
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

XX and XY

72
Q

XX

A

Female

73
Q

XY

A

Male

74
Q

Why do females develop 2nd?

A

Due to their inability to respond to testosterone and the lack of the y chromosome

75
Q

Which sex chromosome is larger?

A

X

76
Q

Which sex chromosome has more genes?

A

X

77
Q

Are sex-linked disorders more common in males or females?

A

Males

78
Q

Why are genes on a males X expressed regardless if they’re dominant or recessive?

A

There is no counterpart on the Y chromosome

79
Q

Hemziygous

A

Genotype that is not similar; X and Y chromosomes

80
Q

How many genes on the X chromosome?

A

1805

81
Q

How many mutant alleles on the X chromosome?

A

821

82
Q

X-linked =

A

Sex-linked

83
Q

Carrier =

A

Heterozygous

84
Q

What type of disorder is hemophilia?

A

X-linked recessive

85
Q

How many recessive alleles does a female have to inherit to have hemophilia?

A

2

86
Q

How many recessive alleles does a male have to inherit to have hemophilia?

A

1

87
Q

What happens to a person with hemophilia?

A

Can’t clot blood/prevent bleeding because of defective proteins

88
Q

Does a female produce twice as much protein encoded by the genes on the X chromosome?

A

No

89
Q

What happens to one of the X chromosomes of a female early in embryonic development?

A

One of the X chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactviated

90
Q

Barr Body

A

Inactivated X chromosome

91
Q

What is the Barr Body attached to?

A

The inside of the nuclear membrane

92
Q

Why is a female considered a genetic mosaic?

A

Different cells express different X-linked alleles depending on the Barr Body

93
Q

What is the color of a Calico cat’s fur the result of?

A

The formation of Barr Bodies and epistasis

94
Q

What is the only part of the sperm that enters into the egg?

A

The nucleus

95
Q

From which parent do you inherit your cell organelles?

A

Mom; dad only gives 23 chromosomes, nothing else

96
Q

What is the inheritance of mitochondria called?

A

Maternal Inheritance

97
Q

If a female has defective genes in her mitochondria DNA, which of her children will inherit these genes?

A

All of them

98
Q

What type of disorders do mitochondrial DNA cause?

A

Rare disorders with no cures

BIO-121 (1 decks)

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