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bio 121 lecture > bio 121 exam 1 > Flashcards

bio 121 exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure (all parts)

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function (how it works)

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3
Q

example of physiology

A

feeling in hand, actions (open/close)

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4
Q

relationship between function and structure

A

function dependent on structure (break fingers, hand won’t work)

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5
Q

characteristics of life

A

responsiveness and adaptability (irritability), movement, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation, excretion, circulation, reproduction, organization

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6
Q

responsiveness and adaptability (irritability)

A

change to a stimulus, changing to stay alive (dodgeball)

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7
Q

example of responsiveness and adaptability (irritability)

A

blood sugar levels

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8
Q

movement

A

parts moving

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9
Q

ie movement

A

arm, leg, etc.

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10
Q

growth

A

increase # of cells over time

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11
Q

ie growth

A

baby –> adult

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12
Q

respiration

A

producing energy

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13
Q

ie respiration

A

gas exchange (sugar) + respiration (o2) = energy

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14
Q

digestion

A

breaking down into smaller pieces

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15
Q

ie digestion

A

teeth, enzymes

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16
Q

absorption

A

selectively choosing what you want inside of you

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17
Q

ie absorption

A

intestine –> cell

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18
Q

assimilation

A

something taken in that becomes apart of you

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19
Q

ie assimilation

A

food eaten helps maintain bodily functions (nutrients that support eyes, ears, etc.)

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20
Q

excretion

A

selectively removing unneeded material

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21
Q

cirulation

A

transportation system // moves through the body

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22
Q

ie circulation

A

breathe o2 –> goes into blood –> able to lift hand

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23
Q

reproduction

A

genetic offspring

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24
Q

ie reproduction

A

making more cells = reproduction (cellular level)

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25
Q

organization

A

parts working together

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26
Q

What traits separate living from non-living?

A

none

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27
Q

oxygen

A

helps convert food to energy

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28
Q

heat

A

for chemical reactions in the body to occur

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29
Q

pressure

A

force to move things, nothing can move thru body w/o pressure // atmosphere, 02

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30
Q

levels of organization (least to most complex)

A

atoms –> molecules –> macro molecules –> cell

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31
Q

organelles

A

multiple macro molecules, working part & performs specific action

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32
Q

cells

A

where live starts // a group of organelles working together for a common function

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33
Q

tissues

A

group of cells working together for a common function

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34
Q

organs

A

group of tissues working together for common function

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35
Q

organ systems

A

group of organs working together for common function // ie: digestive system

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36
Q

organism

A

group of organ systems working together for common function

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37
Q

integumentary

A

covering // our outer system

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38
Q

function of integumentary system

A

protection, regulate temp, and pain awareness

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39
Q

ie integumentary system

A

skin, sweat glands

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40
Q

the function of the skeletal system

A

aid in movement (lever), protection, make blood cells (bone marrow)

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41
Q

function of muscular system

A

movement, produce heat

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42
Q

function of nervous system

A

communication, control, and coordination via electric chemical impulses // work together (organs) to operate and maintain life

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43
Q

ie nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, optic nerve, ulnar nerve

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44
Q

function of endocrine system

A

communication system using hormones, travels in blood // takes messages from one organ and delivers them to another

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45
Q

what is faster - the nervous system or the endocrine system?

A

nervous system

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46
Q

ie endocrine system

A

thyroid, pituitary, pancreas

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47
Q

function of digestive system

A

break down food, absorb, eliminate food waste

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48
Q

ie digestive system:

A

esophagus, large/small intestine, stomach, liver, gall bladder, colon

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49
Q

the function of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange (o2 in, co2 out) control acid/base levels

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50
Q

ie respiratory system

A

lungs, nose, larynx, bronchi

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51
Q

function of circulatory system

A

transport system // moves gas, food, and waste.

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52
Q

ie circulatory system

A

heart, corroded arteries

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53
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

immune function, helps circulatory return extra fluid back to blood

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54
Q

ie lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes, spleen (blood inside), appendix, tonsils (lymph inside)

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55
Q

the function of urinary system

A

excretion of metabolic waste (cell waste fr. work), acid/base balance, water levels

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56
Q

ie urinary system

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

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57
Q

function reproductive system

A

create more species, enhancing the bodies survivability (muscle mass and bone strength)

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58
Q

Interdependence of systems

A

making sure cells are working well, and all together

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59
Q

anatomical position

A

upright, palms forward (subjects POV)

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60
Q

Sagittal

A

cut body into L & R (archers)

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61
Q

midsaggital

A

median

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62
Q

Coronal (frontal)

A

divided into front (anterior) and back (posterior) (corona beer…drink from front)

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63
Q

tranverse (horizontal)

A

upper and lower

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64
Q

oblique

A

any angle horizontal/diagonally cut

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65
Q

anterior/ventral

A

front

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66
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

back

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67
Q

superior

A

closest to head

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68
Q

inferior

A

closer to feet

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69
Q

cranial

A

towards head

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70
Q

caudal

A

toward rear/tail

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71
Q

medial

A

toward midline

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72
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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73
Q

superficial

A

closer to surface

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74
Q

deep

A

further from surface

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75
Q

relative to point of attatchment

A

connect upper and lower extremeties

76
Q

proximal

A

closer to point of attatchment

77
Q

distal

A

further from point of attatchment

78
Q

axial

A

center: skull, neck, torso

79
Q

appendicular

A

attach to midline

80
Q

serous membrane

A

continuous, double-layered membrane

81
Q

serious membrane: parietal layer

A

outer (loose cover)

82
Q

serous membrane: visceral layer

A

inner (tightly folded/attatched)

83
Q

synovial membrane

A

line joint cavities create synovial fluid, lubrication, nutrition

84
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

outer covering, make sweat & oil

85
Q

Parietal vs visceral (serous membranes)

A

Continuous double layered membrane
Parietal layer: Outside, outer covering
Visceral layer: inside layer, attached to

86
Q

Pleural membranes (serous membranes)

A

Separate lungs from thoracic cavity

87
Q

Pericardial membranes (serous membranes)

A

Heart layer covering

88
Q

Peritoneal membranes (serous membranes)

A

Lining of abdominal cavity
Abdomen & pelvis

89
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

Right upper Left Upper Quad
Quad
|
____________________________________
|
Right lower. Left lower quad
Quad
|

90
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants (starting upper right, ending lower left)

A

Right hypochondrium
Epigastric region
Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar
Umbilical region
Left lumbar

Right iliac region
hypogastrium
Left iliac region

91
Q

Epi

A

above/around

92
Q

hypo

A

below/less than

93
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability of an organism to maintain stable (optimal) internal condition in response to changing external conditions/changing stimuli

94
Q

Components of homeostasis

A

stimulus –> receptor –> control center –> effector

95
Q

receptors

A

detects stimulus/change

96
Q

control center

A

decision center, tells stimulus what to do

97
Q

effector

A

carry out response // do something, muscles and glands // effect movement (contract) glands (release, secrete)

98
Q

Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: regulation of room temperature

A

non-living thermometer detects temp - lets thermostat know. too hot lower, too cold increase

99
Q

Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: Regulation of body temp

A

living // receptors: hypothalamus
Shiver to make warmer, sweat to make cooler

100
Q

Examples of homeostatic mechanisms: Regulation of blood sugar levels

A

stimulus: sugar levels rise
Control center: pancreas detects
effector: release insulin
pancreas decreases insulin

101
Q

Control Mechanisms: negative feedback mechanism operation

A

a change in one direction will cause a change in the opposite direction
negates change
bring back to regulate

102
Q

Control Mechanisms: negative feedback mechanism examples

A

too hot = bring back to cooler
too cold = bring back to warmer

103
Q

Control Mechanisms: positive feedback operation

A

a change in one direction will cause a change in the same direction

104
Q

Control Mechanisms: positive feedback examples

A

blood clotting (loose blood, stop leak) escalating
childbirth (head, squeeze more, uterus contracts)
breast-feeding (sucking simulates more milk and vice versa)

105
Q

Matter

A

anything occupying space and having mass

106
Q

mass

A

amount of material in matter

107
Q

atom

A

smallest stable units of matter; the smallest particles of an element that still displays the chemical properties of that element

108
Q

element

A

pure substance consisting of only the same atoms (same atomic number)

109
Q

how many naturally occuring elements are there?

A

92

110
Q

elements are always ______

A

neutral

111
Q

symbols

A

smaller, abbreviated words

112
Q

elements most abundant in living matter

A

CAPONCH
CA - calcium
P - phosphorus
O - Oxygen
N - nitrogen
C - Carbon
H - hydrogen

113
Q

How much do elements make up the human body

A

99%

114
Q

Compound

A

molecules made of 2+ different elements

115
Q

Molecules

A

large complex structures formed when 2+ atoms interact

116
Q

Three components (subatomic particles)

A

protons
neutrons
electrons

117
Q

protons

A

found in nucleus
positive charge
atomic mass unit of 1

118
Q

neutrons

A

found in nucleus
neutral (no charge)
mass of 1

119
Q

electrons

A

e - negative: found swirling the nucleus
charge of negative: so small mass not eligible

120
Q

Atomic number

A

same thing as number of protons
identifies element top number of element box

121
Q

atomic mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons (not included - neutrons)

122
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and neutrons and different mass number

123
Q

behavior of isotopes

A

act as element that they are (but mass is different)

124
Q

Can you change the number of protons without changing the element?

A

no

125
Q

atomic weight (average atomic mass)

A

avg of the masses of an element

126
Q

given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
what is the number of protons?

A

35-18=17

127
Q

given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
what is the atomic number?

A

35 - 18 = 17

128
Q

given that a chlorine sample has an atomic mass of 35 and 19 neutrons:
how many electrons are found?

A

35 - 18 = 17

129
Q

how to figure out protons/atomic number/ electrons

A

mass - neutrons = protons, atomic number
atomic number = same number as protons
electrons are neutral which means the same/equal

130
Q

ions

A

charged particles

131
Q

cations

A

+ charged particles
positive = losing electrons
Na+, K+, Ca ++, H+

132
Q

anions

A
  • charged particles
    negative = gain electrons
    OH-
133
Q

Chemical stability: why do ions form? why do they bond?

A

they want to be stable
ions form and atoms bond to reach stability

134
Q

valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
Energy in electron shells -

A

protons, electrons, and neutrons lower energy to higher energy

135
Q

valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
filling in electrons in the shells, inner to outer

A

filling in electrons () 2 ) 8 )

136
Q

valence shell (electrons in the outer shell):
octet rule

A

8 is stable for each circle within shell needs 8 to be happy atom (playing w/ electrons)

137
Q

ions are stable because

A

they have 8 electrons

138
Q

rules of bonding

A
  1. matter wants to be in it’s most stable state
  2. only electrons in the outermost shells can be involved in bonding
  3. atomic stability = 8 electrons in outer shell
139
Q

types of bonds

A

Balanced shell first = 2
balanced shell second = 8

140
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction b/w atoms because of the transfer b/w electrons creating a negative and positive ion
ie: sodium (table salt) Na+

141
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing bonds
atoms bonded together through sharing electrons
can share 1, 2, or 3 pair of electrons
don’t touch inner layer (8P)
ie: carbon

142
Q

can a chemical exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in nature?

A

no, only water
others are not shared equally

143
Q

how much volume does water make up in most living cells

A

60-80%

144
Q

is water polar or non polar

A

polar

145
Q

what does it mean that water is a polar molecule

A

very soluable, unerversal solvent

146
Q

solution

A

mixture of 2 components (salt water)

147
Q

solvent

A

substance doing the dissolving

148
Q

solute

A

substance disolved in liquid

149
Q

water has a high heat capacity, why?

A

absorb and release large amounts of heat to help stable body temp

150
Q

difference between temperature and heat

A

temp = average energy of molecules
heat = total energy of molecules

151
Q

water has a high heat vaporization

A

takes a lot of heat to turn water into gas

152
Q

water is an important reactant in many body chemical reactions

A

helps digestion, good for body absorption

153
Q

water forms a protective barrier around organs

A

cerebral spinal fluid for protecting the skull

154
Q

some (a small amount of) water molecules break apart, resulting in

A

h20 often breaks apart –>
H+ ion [OH]-
H+ ion

155
Q

acid

A

any molecule that releases H+ in solution
proton donors, donating H+ in solution

156
Q

base (alkali)

A

bitter/slippery
proton acceptor
things that often release hydroxyl ions in solution
hydrochloric acid –> breaks apart –> h+ and Co- = NaOH (base)

157
Q

salt

A

ionic compound with cations other than H+ and an ion other than OH-
NaCl (salts)

158
Q

ph scale

A

(acid) 0_________7_________14 (base)
each pH unit of 1 indicates a tenfold change in the concentration of h+ ions

159
Q

buffers:

A

chemicals that help resist large changes in pH in the body
resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components.
neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.
uffer solutions have a working pH range and capacity which dictate how much acid/base can be neutralized before pH changes, and the amount by which it will change.

160
Q

Buffers in the human body

A

blood, normal ph around 7.35-7.45

161
Q

effects of acidity/alkalinity on the nervous system of the body

A

coma/body shut down

162
Q

Basics: organic

A

molecule is organic if it contains carbon and hydrogen both
(CH must be together)

163
Q

Basics: four functional groups

A

carboxylic acid
amino
hydroxyl
phosphate

164
Q

carboxylic acid

A

fatty acids
acts as acid releasing H
O
/
R - C CoOH

OH

165
Q

amino acid

A

NH2 always
H
/
R - N NH2
\
H

166
Q

hydroxyl acid

A

link other molecules together
R - O - H = OH

167
Q

Phosphate

A

High energy
Link to form bigger molecules
O
/
R - O - P - O -

O

168
Q

monomer

A

1
single repeating unit of a larger molecule
stacking
building blocks
o
/
o-o-o-o-o
\
o

169
Q

polymer

A

large molecule made of monomers

170
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

build
make larger molecules by making more water
take H off water
Take OH off proteins

171
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breakdown
using water to break somethingdown

172
Q

carbohydrates are made out of

A

CHO 2:1
double of H and O’s
C6H12O6 (glucose)

173
Q

properties of carbs

A

source of cellular energy
water soluble
1-2% of cell mass

174
Q

Functions of carbs

A
  1. source of cellular energy
  2. structural purpose: attatch to cell membranes to give cell to cell interaction
  3. can be converted by liver into amino acids in order to make protein
175
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugar
3-7 carbs
CHO <– building block for sugar

176
Q

isomers: glucose vs. fructose vs. galactose

A

same molecular formula, same molecular structure

177
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugar
two simple sugars put together

178
Q

Disaccharides: sucrose (table sugar)

A

glucose + fructose

179
Q

Disaccharides: lactose (milk sugar)

A

glucose + galactose

180
Q

Disaccharides: maltose

A

glucose + glucose

181
Q

polysaccharides

A

made up of long strands of simple sugars strung together

182
Q

polysaccharides: glycogen

A

stores fat
long glucose chain that’s highly branched
animals store sugar

___/_______\_______/_______\_____
\ / \ / \

183
Q

polysaccharides: starch

A

long chains of glucose
not as branched (has a different shape)
coils

184
Q

polysaccharides: cellulose

A

long chains of glucose
no coils/branching
body can’t break down cellulose, must chew

185
Q

polysaccharides: cellulose

A

long chains of glucose
no coils/branching
the body can’t break down cellulose, must chew

bio 121 lecture (1 decks)

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