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Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does organic mean?

A

A molecule that contains carbon+hydrogen

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2
Q

What are the 2 main parts organic molecules have?

A

Carbon skeletons and functional groups

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3
Q

What does shape equal?

A

Function

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4
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that when added to an organic molecule give it a particular function.

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5
Q

How many functional groups are there?

A

6

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6
Q

What are the names of the 6 functional groups?

A

Hydrogen, carboxyl, hydroxyl, methyl, amine/amino, and phosphate.

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7
Q

Hydrogen characteristics?

A

Polar/Non-polar, condensation/hydrolysis, almost all bio chemicals.

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8
Q

Hydroxyl characteristics?

A

Polar and acidic, condensation/hydrolysis, neutral, sugars/alcohol.

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9
Q

Carboxyl characteristics?

A

Polar and acidic, peptide bonds, fats+amino acids.

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10
Q

Amino characteristics?

A

Polar and basic, peptide bonds, amino acids+proteins.

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11
Q

Phosphate characteristics?

A

Acidic and polar, energetic bonds, links nucleotides, phospholipids. (DNA+ATP)

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12
Q

Methyl characteristics

A

Non polar, hydrophobic, fatty.

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13
Q

How many atoms do carbon atoms bond to?

A
  1. Electron configurations is key to atoms characteristics/.
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14
Q

What’s the smallest molecule?

A

Monomer (1 subunit)

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15
Q

What molecules has 2 subunits?

A

Dimer

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16
Q

What molecule has 3 subunits?

A

Trimer

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17
Q

What’s an Oligomer?

A

Molecule with 2-7 subunits

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18
Q

What’s a polymer?

A

A molecule with 8-infinity subunits

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19
Q

How many bonds does carbon require to fill its valence shell?

A

4 bonds

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20
Q

What does a single bond stand for?

A

A

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21
Q

What does a double bond stand for?

A

E

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22
Q

What does a triple bond stand for?

A

Y

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23
Q

Where is carbon?

A

On corners!

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24
Q

What are the 4 classes of bio molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, polypeptides, and nucleic acids.

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25
Q

What are carbohydrates functions?

A

Short and long term energy, cell ID, and structure+support.

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26
Q

What are the functions from smallest to largest?

A

1) short term energy- monomers + dimers
2) cell ID- oligomers
3) long term energy-polymers
4) structure+support-polymers

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27
Q

Carbohydrate ratio?

A

1:2:1

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28
Q

What does saccharine mean?

A

Sweet.

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29
Q

Monomer of sugar?

A

Monosaccharides

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30
Q

Who many categories of monosaccharides?

A

2

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31
Q

What is the nexose group?

A

Carbohydrates w/ 6 carbons.

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32
Q

What are the 3 nexoses?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose.

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33
Q

What’s an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different shapes.

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34
Q

What are nexoses M.F.

A

C6H1206

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35
Q

What are pentoses?

A

Carbohydrates w/ 5 carbons.

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36
Q

What are the 2 pentoses?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose.

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37
Q

What’s riboses M.F.

A

C5H10O5

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38
Q

Whats deoxyriboses M.F.

A

C5H10O4

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39
Q

Are the 2 pentoses isomers?

A

No. They have different molecular formulas.

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40
Q

What’s condensation reaction?

A

Cutting off hydrogen on 1 molecule and hydroxyl on another molecule, forming water+bonding 2 molecules together.

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41
Q

How many monomers make an oligomer?

A

4 monomers. (#of molecules put together=1 amount)

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42
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Dimers of carbohydrates

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43
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

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44
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Table sugar (glucose+fructose)

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45
Q

What is lactose?

A

Milk sugar (glucose+galactose)

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46
Q

What is maltose?

A

Malted sugar (glucose+glucose)

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47
Q

What are disaccharides M.F.

A

C12H22011 (removing water)

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48
Q

What are the 4 polysaccrides?

A

Cellulose, chitin, amylose, and glycogen.

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49
Q

Amylose function+makeup?

A

Plant starch. Made of 1000 glucoses bonded together, forming a spiral.

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50
Q

Glycogen function+makeup?

A

Animal starch. Made of 1000 glucoses bonded together, forming a branch.

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51
Q

Cellulose function+makeup?

A

Plant cell walls. 1000s of glucoses not facing the same way! Flipping glucoses allow hydrogen bonds to form.

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52
Q

What do humans lack?

A

Enzymes to break down cellulose.

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53
Q

Cellulose=

A

Fiber, fiber cleans your intestines.

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54
Q

Chitin function+makeup

A

Fungi cell wall+Exoskeletons for Arthropods. 1000s of monomers bonded together. Resistant to digestion. Used to make stitches.

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55
Q

Molecular formula of 5 ribose’s:

A

C25H42021

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56
Q

What are lipids functions?

A

Slippery-oil, non-polar, mostly carbon and hydrogen.

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57
Q

Methyl+

A

Fatty

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58
Q

Non-polar=

A

Hydrophobic

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59
Q

Heterogeneous group/

A

Diverse group

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60
Q

Insolbility

A

Doesn’t dissolve in water

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61
Q

Fat test=

A

Mix oil and water and if they don’t blend together you have a lipid.

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62
Q

What are the 3 groups of fats?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

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63
Q

What do triglycerides do?

A

Food fats

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64
Q

Phospholipids purpose?

A

Membrane fat

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65
Q

Steroid purpose/

A

Membranes, hormones, medicines.

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66
Q

What are the 3 lipids examples of?

A

Fatty acids

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67
Q

Fat=

A

Insulation (stores energy)

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68
Q

How many monomers are triglycerides?

A

4 monomers

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69
Q

How many fatty acids are there?

A

3

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70
Q

Fatty acid needs

A

Methyl

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71
Q

Methyl=

A

Fatty

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72
Q

Acid=

A

Carboxyl

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73
Q

Saturated=

A

Completely filled with hydrogen

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74
Q

Unsaturated=

A

Not completely filled with hydrogen

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75
Q

How many triglycerides are needed to make water?

A

3 (4-1)

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76
Q

Saturated triglyceride=

A

Solid (animals)

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77
Q

unsaturated triglyceride=

A

Liquid (plants) kinked!!!!!!

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78
Q

Double bonded things kink what?

A

Unsaturated triglycerides

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79
Q

Nexose=

A

Glucose

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80
Q

What is the molecular formula of 3 deoxyriboses bonded together?

A

C15H2610

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81
Q

An oligomer of a carbohydrate is called?

A

Oligosaccharide

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82
Q

Chemical test used to find polysaccharide?

A

Iodine

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83
Q

3 fatty acids and one…..?

A

Glycerol

84
Q

Whats an ionic bond?

A

Turns atoms into ions by transferring electrons COMPLETELY from one atom to another.

85
Q

Opposites?

A

Attract!

86
Q

Like changes?

A

Repel!

87
Q

Molecular formulas?

A

Wen you make ionic bonds, compounds stay neutral.

88
Q

Hydrogen bonds?

A

Intermolecular bond between hydrogen of 2 different molecules.

89
Q

What are hydrogen bonds formed from?

A

1 Oxygen and 1 Hydrogen of separate molecules.

90
Q

Electrons favor what?

A

Oxygen over hydrogen, meaning they carry charge.

91
Q

Bonds in order from strongest to weakest..

A

1) polar
2) nonpolar
3) ionic
4) hydrogen

92
Q

What do polar and hydrogen bonds give water?

A

Unique properties. (7)

93
Q

What are the 7 properties of water?

A

1) ice floats
2) water is a good solvent
3) water naturally dissociates into ions
4) the specific heat of a substance is the amount that must be absorbed/lost
5) water has a high heat of vaporization
6) water has cohesion
7) adhesion

94
Q

Which is less dense: solid or liquid water?

A

Solid water

95
Q

What happens when water freezes?

A

Hydrogen bonds spread apart

96
Q

Are hydrogen bonds shorter or longer in water?

A

Shorter

97
Q

Gases:

A

Molecules that spread the greatest and move the most.

98
Q

Water is a solvent for what?

A

Living things

99
Q

Solution:

A

Homogenous, made by dissolving 1 material into another.

100
Q

Homogenous

A

Same throughout container

101
Q

Solvent:

A

Water, part of solution being dissolved. Aquaneous solutions have water as their solvent.

102
Q

Solute:

A

Salt, water dissolved by solvent

103
Q

water has charge which makes it a good…

A

Solvent

104
Q

Dissolving:

A

Pulling apart molecules

105
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing + nonpolar

106
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving + polar

107
Q

Dissociation

A

Splitting into ions

108
Q

[ ]

A

Amount of concentration

109
Q

Hydroxide ions are:

A

Basic (OH)

110
Q

Hydrogen ions are:

A

Acidic (H)

111
Q

In pure water you have equal amounts of what?

A

Oxygen and Hydrogen

112
Q

PH:

A

Potential of hydrogen

113
Q

Acidic

A

Less then 7 PH

114
Q

Neutral

A

7 PH

115
Q

Base

A

More than 7 PH

116
Q

Log:

A

Power of 10

117
Q

Solution for PH?

A

-log [ ]

118
Q

Alkaline

A

Basic

119
Q

5—2

A

10^3 times more acidic

120
Q

Water requires a lot of_____ to turn into gas, meaning it pulls energy from its surroundings.

A

Energy

121
Q

Heat=

A

Energy

122
Q

Water resists changes in___

A

Temperature

123
Q

Hydrogen bonds hold _______ together

A

Molecules

124
Q

Does water have charge?

A

Yes, it sticks to itself (meniscus)

125
Q

Surface tension:

A

Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid due to hydrogen bonds.

126
Q

What does cohesion and adhesion do?

A

Transports water against gravity in plants

127
Q

Capillary action:

A

Water moving against gravity using cohesion+adhesion

128
Q

Ice=

A

Insulator

129
Q

Do all molecules constantly move?

A

Yes!

130
Q

Phospholipids?

A

Membrane fats (4 monomers) 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and one polar group. Similar to triglyceride.

131
Q

Amphipathic

A

Nonpolar and polar

132
Q

Cell membranes are _____ because they’re unsaturated

A

Lipids

133
Q

Membrane:

A

Bilayer (2 phospholipids)

134
Q

Outside of shell

A

Extra cellular matrix

135
Q

Inside of shell

A

Cytosol

136
Q

You need Polar heads to point to the outside of he membrane on both sides go point toward water and..

A

Hydrophobic tails hide on the inside of the membrane as far away from water as possible.

137
Q

Steroids

A

NOT FATTY ACID TYPES, don’t mix well with water bc of their complex ring forms.

138
Q

Are all forms of cholesterol bad?

A

No!

139
Q

What are the 2 type of cholesterol

A

LDL and HDL

140
Q

LDL function

A

Low density lipoprotein (helps with membranes)

141
Q

HDL function

A

High density lipoprotein (medications:asthma)

142
Q

Sex hormone examples:

A

Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

143
Q

Proteins:

A

Polymers that haven’t been folded into their final 3d shape

144
Q

Polypeptide bond

A

Polymers that haven’t been folded (not functional)

145
Q

Amino acids:

A

Monomers

146
Q

Whats the most important function?

A

Protein

147
Q

How many functions does protein have?

A

8

148
Q

What are the 8 functions of protein?

A

1) enzymatic proteins
2) storage proteins
3) defensive proteins
4) Transport proteins
5) hormonal proteins
6) contractile+motor proteins
7) receptor proteins
8) structural proteins

149
Q

Hormones:

A

Communicating through long distances

150
Q

Storage protein function:

A

To store energy when eaten (amino acids)

151
Q

Defensive protein function:

A

To protect against disease in immune system (antibodies)

152
Q

Enzymatic protein function:

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reactions keep us alive)

153
Q

Enzymes:

A

All enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

154
Q

Transport protein function:

A

Transport molecules across membranes

155
Q

Hormonal protein function:

A

All proteins except sex hormones made of protein

156
Q

Contractile+motor protein function

A

Movement, muscles are made of proteins.

157
Q

Receptor protein function:

A

Receptors receive communication

158
Q

Structural protein function:

A

Structures (o=c-oh)

159
Q

4 amino acids:

A

Basic, acidic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic

160
Q

How many R groups?

A

20

161
Q

What do you do to put amino acids together

A

Condensation reaction

162
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Link amino acids from carboxyl+amino functional groups

163
Q

Polypeptide

A

More than one 1 bond holding bonds together

164
Q

Chemical test for proteins

A

Biurets (blue to purple)

165
Q

Nitric acid test

A

Clear to yellow

166
Q

Xantho

A

Yellow

167
Q

Primary structure

A

Peptide bonds hold together amino acids in a chain. You change protein by changing order of amino acids/number in this sequence

168
Q

Secondary sequence

A

Coiled up proteins held together by hydrogen bonds

169
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrogen bonds?

A

Alpha helix= spiral and beta pleated sheet-accordion

170
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Most important bc it has been folded into final shape and becomes a protein.

171
Q

R groups from weakest to strongest

A

Hydrophobic: inside proteins bc they’re afraid of water
Hydrophilic: outside of proteins+from H bonds
Acidic/basic: form ionic bonds
Covalent bonds: 2 cystines making disulfide bridge

172
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Not all proteins do this, but bonding more than 1 protein to for complex

173
Q

Element:

A

A material that can’t be broken down into simpler materials

174
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle in an element

175
Q

Compound

A

A material made of 2 or more elements bonded together (h2o)

176
Q

Molecule

A

A material composed of 2 or more atoms bonded together (proteins)

177
Q

Trace elements

A

Required to help prevent disease

178
Q

Matter

A

Stuff (solid, liquids, gases)

179
Q

NCHOPS

A

Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur.

180
Q

NCHO

A

96.3% of elements found in our bodies (nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.)

181
Q

Proton:

A

Positively charged, heavy

182
Q

Neutron:

A

Neutral, heavy

183
Q

Electron:

A

Negative, Light, no true mass (found in cloud0

184
Q

Variations in electrons/atom with charge

A

Ion

185
Q

Cation

A

Ion with positive charge

186
Q

Anion

A

Ion with negative charge

187
Q

Variation in number of neutrons:

A

Isotopes

188
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons found in outermost cloud/ring

189
Q

Octet rule:

A

For rings beyond the first, fill w/ 8 or 18

190
Q

Atomic number

A

Number in top left corner of element box

191
Q

Atomic symbol

A

Abbreviation for element name

192
Q

Atomic mass solution

A

Protons+neutrons

193
Q

Atomic charge solution

A

Protons-electrons (or + if negative)

194
Q

Proton solution

A

Atomic number

195
Q

Neutron solution

A

Mass-atomic number

196
Q

Electron solution

A

Protons-charge (or atomic number if there’s no charge)

197
Q

Chemical bonds:

A

Form to fill the outer shell of an atom to make them more stable.

198
Q

Covalent

A

Sharing valence electrons

199
Q

Nonpolar

A

Electrons being shared equally

200
Q

Polar

A

Polar electrons being shared unequally

201
Q

1 bond=

A

2 electrons

202
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

DNA-genetic code RNA-makes proteins>Both polymers

203
Q

3 parts of nucleotides

A

1) pentose-carbohydrates with 5 carbons (ribose+deo)
2) phosphate functional group-helps make acids
3) nitogenous base-amine functional group

204
Q

Monomers are

A

Nucleotides

205
Q

DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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