Bio Flashcards
1
Q
What does organic mean?
A
A molecule that contains carbon+hydrogen
2
Q
What are the 2 main parts organic molecules have?
A
Carbon skeletons and functional groups
3
Q
What does shape equal?
A
Function
4
Q
Functional group
A
A group of atoms that when added to an organic molecule give it a particular function.
5
Q
How many functional groups are there?
A
6
6
Q
What are the names of the 6 functional groups?
A
Hydrogen, carboxyl, hydroxyl, methyl, amine/amino, and phosphate.
7
Q
Hydrogen characteristics?
A
Polar/Non-polar, condensation/hydrolysis, almost all bio chemicals.
8
Q
Hydroxyl characteristics?
A
Polar and acidic, condensation/hydrolysis, neutral, sugars/alcohol.
9
Q
Carboxyl characteristics?
A
Polar and acidic, peptide bonds, fats+amino acids.
10
Q
Amino characteristics?
A
Polar and basic, peptide bonds, amino acids+proteins.
11
Q
Phosphate characteristics?
A
Acidic and polar, energetic bonds, links nucleotides, phospholipids. (DNA+ATP)
12
Q
Methyl characteristics
A
Non polar, hydrophobic, fatty.
13
Q
How many atoms do carbon atoms bond to?
A
- Electron configurations is key to atoms characteristics/.
14
Q
What’s the smallest molecule?
A
Monomer (1 subunit)
15
Q
What molecules has 2 subunits?
A
Dimer
16
Q
What molecule has 3 subunits?
A
Trimer
17
Q
What’s an Oligomer?
A
Molecule with 2-7 subunits
18
Q
What’s a polymer?
A
A molecule with 8-infinity subunits
19
Q
How many bonds does carbon require to fill its valence shell?
A
4 bonds
20
Q
What does a single bond stand for?
A
A
21
Q
What does a double bond stand for?
A
E
22
Q
What does a triple bond stand for?
A
Y
23
Q
Where is carbon?
A
On corners!
24
Q
What are the 4 classes of bio molecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, polypeptides, and nucleic acids.
25
What are carbohydrates functions?
Short and long term energy, cell ID, and structure+support.
26
What are the functions from smallest to largest?
1) short term energy- monomers + dimers
2) cell ID- oligomers
3) long term energy-polymers
4) structure+support-polymers
27
Carbohydrate ratio?
1:2:1
28
What does saccharine mean?
Sweet.
29
Monomer of sugar?
Monosaccharides
30
Who many categories of monosaccharides?
2
31
What is the nexose group?
Carbohydrates w/ 6 carbons.
32
What are the 3 nexoses?
Glucose, fructose, galactose.
33
What’s an isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different shapes.
34
What are nexoses M.F.
C6H1206
35
What are pentoses?
Carbohydrates w/ 5 carbons.
36
What are the 2 pentoses?
Ribose and deoxyribose.
37
What’s riboses M.F.
C5H10O5
38
Whats deoxyriboses M.F.
C5H10O4
39
Are the 2 pentoses isomers?
No. They have different molecular formulas.
40
What’s condensation reaction?
Cutting off hydrogen on 1 molecule and hydroxyl on another molecule, forming water+bonding 2 molecules together.
41
How many monomers make an oligomer?
4 monomers. (#of molecules put together=1 amount)
42
What are disaccharides?
Dimers of carbohydrates
43
What are the 3 disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
44
What is sucrose?
Table sugar (glucose+fructose)
45
What is lactose?
Milk sugar (glucose+galactose)
46
What is maltose?
Malted sugar (glucose+glucose)
47
What are disaccharides M.F.
C12H22011 (removing water)
48
What are the 4 polysaccrides?
Cellulose, chitin, amylose, and glycogen.
49
Amylose function+makeup?
Plant starch. Made of 1000 glucoses bonded together, forming a spiral.
50
Glycogen function+makeup?
Animal starch. Made of 1000 glucoses bonded together, forming a branch.
51
Cellulose function+makeup?
Plant cell walls. 1000s of glucoses not facing the same way! Flipping glucoses allow hydrogen bonds to form.
52
What do humans lack?
Enzymes to break down cellulose.
53
Cellulose=
Fiber, fiber cleans your intestines.
54
Chitin function+makeup
Fungi cell wall+Exoskeletons for Arthropods. 1000s of monomers bonded together. Resistant to digestion. Used to make stitches.
55
Molecular formula of 5 ribose's:
C25H42021
56
What are lipids functions?
Slippery-oil, non-polar, mostly carbon and hydrogen.
57
Methyl+
Fatty
58
Non-polar=
Hydrophobic
59
Heterogeneous group/
Diverse group
60
Insolbility
Doesn’t dissolve in water
61
Fat test=
Mix oil and water and if they don’t blend together you have a lipid.
62
What are the 3 groups of fats?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
63
What do triglycerides do?
Food fats
64
Phospholipids purpose?
Membrane fat
65
Steroid purpose/
Membranes, hormones, medicines.
66
What are the 3 lipids examples of?
Fatty acids
67
Fat=
Insulation (stores energy)
68
How many monomers are triglycerides?
4 monomers
69
How many fatty acids are there?
3
70
Fatty acid needs
Methyl
71
Methyl=
Fatty
72
Acid=
Carboxyl
73
Saturated=
Completely filled with hydrogen
74
Unsaturated=
Not completely filled with hydrogen
75
How many triglycerides are needed to make water?
3 (4-1)
76
Saturated triglyceride=
Solid (animals)
77
unsaturated triglyceride=
Liquid (plants) kinked!!!!!!
78
Double bonded things kink what?
Unsaturated triglycerides
79
Nexose=
Glucose
80
What is the molecular formula of 3 deoxyriboses bonded together?
C15H2610
81
An oligomer of a carbohydrate is called?
Oligosaccharide
82
Chemical test used to find polysaccharide?
Iodine
83
3 fatty acids and one…..?
Glycerol
84
Whats an ionic bond?
Turns atoms into ions by transferring electrons COMPLETELY from one atom to another.
85
Opposites?
Attract!
86
Like changes?
Repel!
87
Molecular formulas?
Wen you make ionic bonds, compounds stay neutral.
88
Hydrogen bonds?
Intermolecular bond between hydrogen of 2 different molecules.
89
What are hydrogen bonds formed from?
1 Oxygen and 1 Hydrogen of separate molecules.
90
Electrons favor what?
Oxygen over hydrogen, meaning they carry charge.
91
Bonds in order from strongest to weakest..
1) polar
2) nonpolar
3) ionic
4) hydrogen
92
What do polar and hydrogen bonds give water?
Unique properties. (7)
93
What are the 7 properties of water?
1) ice floats
2) water is a good solvent
3) water naturally dissociates into ions
4) the specific heat of a substance is the amount that must be absorbed/lost
5) water has a high heat of vaporization
6) water has cohesion
7) adhesion
94
Which is less dense: solid or liquid water?
Solid water
95
What happens when water freezes?
Hydrogen bonds spread apart
96
Are hydrogen bonds shorter or longer in water?
Shorter
97
Gases:
Molecules that spread the greatest and move the most.
98
Water is a solvent for what?
Living things
99
Solution:
Homogenous, made by dissolving 1 material into another.
100
Homogenous
Same throughout container
101
Solvent:
Water, part of solution being dissolved. Aquaneous solutions have water as their solvent.
102
Solute:
Salt, water dissolved by solvent
103
water has charge which makes it a good…
Solvent
104
Dissolving:
Pulling apart molecules
105
Hydrophobic
Water fearing + nonpolar
106
Hydrophilic
Water loving + polar
107
Dissociation
Splitting into ions
108
[ ]
Amount of concentration
109
Hydroxide ions are:
Basic (OH)
110
Hydrogen ions are:
Acidic (H)
111
In pure water you have equal amounts of what?
Oxygen and Hydrogen
112
PH:
Potential of hydrogen
113
Acidic
Less then 7 PH
114
Neutral
7 PH
115
Base
More than 7 PH
116
Log:
Power of 10
117
Solution for PH?
-log [ ]
118
Alkaline
Basic
119
5—2
10^3 times more acidic
120
Water requires a lot of_____ to turn into gas, meaning it pulls energy from its surroundings.
Energy
121
Heat=
Energy
122
Water resists changes in___
Temperature
123
Hydrogen bonds hold _______ together
Molecules
124
Does water have charge?
Yes, it sticks to itself (meniscus)
125
Surface tension:
Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid due to hydrogen bonds.
126
What does cohesion and adhesion do?
Transports water against gravity in plants
127
Capillary action:
Water moving against gravity using cohesion+adhesion
128
Ice=
Insulator
129
Do all molecules constantly move?
Yes!
130
Phospholipids?
Membrane fats (4 monomers) 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and one polar group. Similar to triglyceride.
131
Amphipathic
Nonpolar and polar
132
Cell membranes are _____ because they’re unsaturated
Lipids
133
Membrane:
Bilayer (2 phospholipids)
134
Outside of shell
Extra cellular matrix
135
Inside of shell
Cytosol
136
You need Polar heads to point to the outside of he membrane on both sides go point toward water and..
Hydrophobic tails hide on the inside of the membrane as far away from water as possible.
137
Steroids
NOT FATTY ACID TYPES, don’t mix well with water bc of their complex ring forms.
138
Are all forms of cholesterol bad?
No!
139
What are the 2 type of cholesterol
LDL and HDL
140
LDL function
Low density lipoprotein (helps with membranes)
141
HDL function
High density lipoprotein (medications:asthma)
142
Sex hormone examples:
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
143
Proteins:
Polymers that haven’t been folded into their final 3d shape
144
Polypeptide bond
Polymers that haven’t been folded (not functional)
145
Amino acids:
Monomers
146
Whats the most important function?
Protein
147
How many functions does protein have?
8
148
What are the 8 functions of protein?
1) enzymatic proteins
2) storage proteins
3) defensive proteins
4) Transport proteins
5) hormonal proteins
6) contractile+motor proteins
7) receptor proteins
8) structural proteins
149
Hormones:
Communicating through long distances
150
Storage protein function:
To store energy when eaten (amino acids)
151
Defensive protein function:
To protect against disease in immune system (antibodies)
152
Enzymatic protein function:
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reactions keep us alive)
153
Enzymes:
All enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
154
Transport protein function:
Transport molecules across membranes
155
Hormonal protein function:
All proteins except sex hormones made of protein
156
Contractile+motor protein function
Movement, muscles are made of proteins.
157
Receptor protein function:
Receptors receive communication
158
Structural protein function:
Structures (o=c-oh)
159
4 amino acids:
Basic, acidic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
160
How many R groups?
20
161
What do you do to put amino acids together
Condensation reaction
162
Peptide bonds
Link amino acids from carboxyl+amino functional groups
163
Polypeptide
More than one 1 bond holding bonds together
164
Chemical test for proteins
Biurets (blue to purple)
165
Nitric acid test
Clear to yellow
166
Xantho
Yellow
167
Primary structure
Peptide bonds hold together amino acids in a chain. You change protein by changing order of amino acids/number in this sequence
168
Secondary sequence
Coiled up proteins held together by hydrogen bonds
169
What are the 2 types of hydrogen bonds?
Alpha helix= spiral and beta pleated sheet-accordion
170
Tertiary structure
Most important bc it has been folded into final shape and becomes a protein.
171
R groups from weakest to strongest
Hydrophobic: inside proteins bc they’re afraid of water
Hydrophilic: outside of proteins+from H bonds
Acidic/basic: form ionic bonds
Covalent bonds: 2 cystines making disulfide bridge
172
Quaternary structure
Not all proteins do this, but bonding more than 1 protein to for complex
173
Element:
A material that can’t be broken down into simpler materials
174
Atom
Smallest particle in an element
175
Compound
A material made of 2 or more elements bonded together (h2o)
176
Molecule
A material composed of 2 or more atoms bonded together (proteins)
177
Trace elements
Required to help prevent disease
178
Matter
Stuff (solid, liquids, gases)
179
NCHOPS
Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur.
180
NCHO
96.3% of elements found in our bodies (nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.)
181
Proton:
Positively charged, heavy
182
Neutron:
Neutral, heavy
183
Electron:
Negative, Light, no true mass (found in cloud0
184
Variations in electrons/atom with charge
Ion
185
Cation
Ion with positive charge
186
Anion
Ion with negative charge
187
Variation in number of neutrons:
Isotopes
188
Valence electrons
Electrons found in outermost cloud/ring
189
Octet rule:
For rings beyond the first, fill w/ 8 or 18
190
Atomic number
Number in top left corner of element box
191
Atomic symbol
Abbreviation for element name
192
Atomic mass solution
Protons+neutrons
193
Atomic charge solution
Protons-electrons (or + if negative)
194
Proton solution
Atomic number
195
Neutron solution
Mass-atomic number
196
Electron solution
Protons-charge (or atomic number if there’s no charge)
197
Chemical bonds:
Form to fill the outer shell of an atom to make them more stable.
198
Covalent
Sharing valence electrons
199
Nonpolar
Electrons being shared equally
200
Polar
Polar electrons being shared unequally
201
1 bond=
2 electrons
202
Nucleic acid function
DNA-genetic code RNA-makes proteins>Both polymers
203
3 parts of nucleotides
1) pentose-carbohydrates with 5 carbons (ribose+deo)
2) phosphate functional group-helps make acids
3) nitogenous base-amine functional group
204
Monomers are
Nucleotides
205
DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
