Bio 1201 Flashcards
1
Q
of Neutrons
A
Atomic Mass - Protons
2
Q
Atomic Mass
A
Protons + Neutrons
3
Q
Ionic Bonds
A
Electrons lost or gained
Electronegativity: 1.7 or greater
(polar)
4
Q
Covalent Bonds (Nonpolar)
A
Equal sharing of electrons
Electronegativity: less than 0.5
(carbon bonded to anything)
5
Q
Polar Covalent Bonds
A
Non equal sharing of electrons
Electronegativity: 0.5 - 1.7
6
Q
Functional Groups
A
groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone
7
Q
Hydroxyl
A
-OH
8
Q
Carbonyl
A
C = O
9
Q
Carboxyl
A
HO - C = O
**ACIDIC
10
Q
Amino
A
H - N - H
11
Q
Phosphate
A
O
O=P-O
O
**ACIDIC
12
Q
Methyl
A
CH3
nonpolar
13
Q
C-H
A
nonpolar
14
Q
4 Classes of Organic Molecules
A
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
15
Q
Carbohydrates
A
C, O same
Double H
16
Q
Lipids
A
Mainly C & H with few O’S
17
Q
Proteins (Amino Acid)
A
Central carbon attached to a amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen group, and something else
18
Q
Nucleic Acids
A
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
19
Q
Spontaneous Reaction
A
Can occur without outside help (Exergonic)
-release free energy - ΔG
20
Q
Non-Spontaneous Reaction
A
Needs outside help (Endergonic)
-require free enegy + ΔG
21
Q
Free Energy Equation
A
ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS ΔG: free energy ΔH: Change in enthalpy T: Temperature in Kelvin ΔS: Change in entropy (disorder)
22
Q
Enzymes
A
Almost all are proteins, they speed up the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy
23
Q
Induced Fit Model
A
Substrate binds to active site and this alters shape of enzyme by creating fit that promotes a reaction
24
Q
Why do cell membranes exist?
A
- They keep contents of the cell from leaking out
- Maintain concentrations
- Creates free energy gradients
25
Isotonic
Equal concentration, normal
26
Hypertonic
Less concentrated, shrivel
27
Osmosis
Net movement of water across a semi permeable membrane
28
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from hi concentration to low concentration
29
Where and how is most of the ATP produced in the cells?
Mitochondria, and ATP synthase
30
Cellular Respiration:
Breakdown glucose, releases energy, captures energy in the form of ATP
31
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H20 + LIGHT ----> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H20
32
Two stages of Photosynthesis
1. Light dependent reactions (light reactions)
- cyclic
- noncyclic
2. Light independent reactions (dark reactions-Calvin Cycle)
33
Cyclic Photophos
Light + ADP ---> ATP
34
Non Cyclic photophos
Light + H20 + ADP + NADP+ ----> O2 + ATP + NADPH+ + H+
35
Calvin Cycle
CO2 + NADPH + H20 + ATP ---> G3P + H+ + NADPH+ + ADP
36
CDK + Cyclin
MPF
37
Karyokinesis
Division of the nucleus (mitosis and meiosis)
38
A cell in G2 of interphase will have how much DNA compared to the same cell when it was in G1 of interphase?
Twice as many
39
Mitosis
Produces identical daughter cells
40
if the haploid number is 44, what is the diploid number
88
41
Prophase
Chromosomes attach to spindle
42
Metaphase
Chromosomes allign in center
43
Anaphase
Chromosome begin to pull apart
44
Telophase
Chromosomes most to spindle post
45
What genes are located on the Y(male) chromosome
Hairy ears
46
What genes are located on the X chromosome
color blindness, hemolphilia
47
Phenotype
Physical expression of alleles (ex. purple flowers)
48
Genotype
Listing of alleles
| Ex: AA or Aa
49
Mitosis
```
Prophase: 4, 8 replicated
Metaphase: 4, 8 replicated
Anaphase: 8, 8 un-replicated
Telophase: 8, 8 un-replicated
Cytokinesis: 4, 4 un-replicated
```
50
Meiosis I
```
Pro: 4, 2, 8
Meta: 4, 2, 8
Ana: 4, 2, 8
Telo: 4, 2, 8
Cyt: 2, 0, 4
(ALL REPLICATED)
```
51
Meiosis II
```
Pro II: 2, 0, 4
Meta II: 2, 0, 4
Ana II: 4, 2, 4 (un-replicated)
Telo II: 4, 2, 4
Cyto II: 2, 0, 2
```
52
DNA to DNA
Replication
53
DNA to RNA
Transcription
54
RNA to protein
Translation
55
DNA Replication process
1. Topoisomores- breaks backbone
2. DNA Helicase - unwinds DNA
3. SSBP - keep strands of DNA apart
4. DNA Polymerase - makes DNA
5. RNA primer- starts DNA synthesis
6. DNA ligase - connects fragments
56
DNA Replication deals with
Leading and Lagging strand
57
Transcription
DNA to RNA
mRNA: messenger
tRNA: transfer
rRNA: ribosomal
58
RNA Processing
Occurs in Eukaryotes mRNA, the 5' end gets capped, poly A tail added to 3' end, and splicing occurs (taking out introns)
59
Translation
RNA to Protein
Small Subunit: binds to 5' end and finds AUG (start codon)
Large Subunit: Binds at AUG
- tRNA comes in and binds to nucleotides
60
What makes peptide bonds?
Amino Acids
61
What does RNA not contain?
Thymine
62
Explain hydrogen concentrations in relation to the cell
More hydrogen ions should be inside cell in order to make ATP, when you decrease pH then the concentration goes up
63
where does photosynthesis occur in plants
Thylakoid
64
Rough ER
involved in protein synthesis
65
Golgi Apparatus
Packaging and manufacturing for things leaving the cells
66
Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration, can make own proteins, contains DNA
67
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis, can make own protein, contains DNA
68
Higher Concentration (more people in room)
Lower entropy, higher free energy
69
The Electron Transport chain is part of the
Inner mitochondrial membrane
70
3 Types of Cell Signaling
Direct, Local, Distant
71
Direct Cell Signaling
1 cell touches another
- Gap Junctions (Animal Cells)
- Plasmademta (Plant Cells)
72
Local Cell Signaling
1 cell signaling cells nearby
| paracine and synaptic signals
73
Distant Cell Signaling
Cells signal others at a distance
| Usually deals with endocrine system and horomones
74
3 Steps of Cell Signaling
Reception
Transduction
Response
75
Cell Signaling Reception
- Receiving the signal molecule(lygine)
- most are bound to plasma membrane but some are proteins in the cytoplasm (these will be steroids)
- highly specific
- If cell signal is large it won't make it through cell membrane
76
Cell Signaling Transduction
Converting signal from one from to another form
- G Protein: binds to receptor then goes to enzyme
- Tyrosine-Kinese: large 2 part stick protein fully activate by phosphate, 2 cellular responses
- Ion gate channel: gate open and closes
77
Cell Signaling Response
Nuclear Response: occurs as results of gene regulation
| Cytoplasmic Response: enzyme regulation
78
During the day how much pr is there?
Small amount
79
Cells regulate process through what two mechanisms?
Antagonistic Pairs
| Negative Feedback
80
Antagonistic Paris
3 cells, Signal 1 is producing 3, Signal 2 is removing 3
| EX: blood/glucose levels
81
If glucose is rising then insulin is
rising
82
Glucagon:
stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose
83
Negative Feedback
More 3 = less A,B,C thyromine
84
Iodine increases what in Negative Feedback
A
85
What are the 3 types of neurons
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
86
Sensory
Receptor to central nervous system
87
Motor
Central nervous system to receptor
88
Interneurons
Between Sensory and Motor Neurons
89
Neuron Structure
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Hillock
90
Cell Body
most organelles located here
91
Dendrite
Recieves information from other neurons
92
Axon
Sends info away from cell body
93
Axon Hillock
Axon potential is located here
94
Myelin Sheath
SCHWANN CELLS
| Aids in speed of conduction of info along axon
95
Membrane Potentials
All cells have electrical potential across membrane
96
What goes on in the cell during Membrane Potential
K+ is inside the cell, Na+ and Cl- outside the cell
| - K+ moves outside making inside of the cell negative and outside positive
97
Action Potential
Result of voltage gated channels Na+ and K+
98
Na+
2 gates, Activation(opens) and Inactivation(closes)
99
K+
1 gate that opens slower
100
Steps of Membrane Potential
```
Resting Potential
Threshold (Depolarization)
Rising Action Potential
Falling Action Potential
Undershoot (Hyperpolization)
```
101
Resting Potential of Membrane Potential
Close, close, close
102
Threshold (Depolarization)
Open, Close, close
103
Rising Action Potential
Open, close, open
104
Falling Action Potential
open, open, open
105
Undershoot (hyperpolarization)
close, open, close
106
If Na+ are allowed to move across the membrane what is the effect on membrane potential
Depolarization
107
Na-K Pump
3Na out for every 2K in
108
Synapses
Meeting point between 2 neurons
109
What are the two types of synapses?
Electrical and Chemical
110
Electrical Synapses
- sent through gap functions
| - very rapid transmission
111
Chemical Synapses
- more abundant and precise
- slower transmission
- intergration
112
EPSP
depolarizes (Na+)
113
IPSP
Hyperpolization (K+)
114
EPSP + IPSP determine
Action Potiental
115
3EPSP decrease by 10mV each does this fire action potential
YES
116
Integration Example
Vertebrate Eye
117
Vertebrate Eye
Photoreceptors: rods, cones (connected by horizontal)
Ganglion: form optic nerve (connected by Amacrine)
Bipolar Cells connect the two
118
Botulism
Weak point of chemical synapse
| - Prevent EPSP
119
Tetanus
Weak point of chemical synapse
| - Prevent IPSP
120
Vertebrate Nervous System
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
121
CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
| -process info
122
BRAIN
Forebrain (cerebrum)
Midbrain (optic lobes)
Hindbrain (cerebellum)
123
PNS
-sends information to and from CNS
| Afferent and Efferent Branch
124
Afferent Branch
Sensory Neurons
| -sends to CNS
125
Efferent Branch
```
Motor Neurons (conscious)
Autonomic Nervous System
```
126
Sensory Systems
reception, transduction, transmission, perception
127
Amplification vs Adaptation
Amplification: action potential is greater energy then photons that triggered it
Adaption: Over time receptors stop responding, Decreases sensory reception
128
What are the requirements for moevement
Force (muscle)
| Structural (skeleton)
129
Skeleton
Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton
130
Outputs of glycolosis
ATP, NADPH+H+, pyruvic acid
131
What does Thyroxine do?
Increase metabolism
132
How many capillary beds are in a portal system?
2
133
When an action potential moves along a membrane it
Propgates
134
Rank energy highest to lowest
GPANA
| Glucose, pyruvaic acid, acetyl-COA, NAPH + H+, ATP
135
Enzymes doe everything except
INCREASE activation enegy
136
What gas is responsible for fruit ripening?
Ethylene
137
At what level do Glycolsis and the Krebs Cycle Produce ATP
Substrate Level
138
What is converted into G3P by the Calvin Cycle?
CO2
139
During muscle contraction, theI band will decrease
true
140
Which is not produced in the anterior pituitary gland
TH4
141
Steroids are
Lipids
142
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is part of what strucutre?
Primary
143
A protein contains 438 amino acids, how many peptide bonds are present
437
144
Carrier proteins and channel proteins are both involved in
Facilitated Diffusion
145
A cell containing ribosomes, plasma membranes, and flagella, but without a nucleus, ER, or mitochondria could be?
Pro or Eukaryote
146
The rough ER is the site of the production of
Enzymes to be used in cytoplasm
147
Which of the following organelles would be expected to contain DNA
Mitochondria
148
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in
accepting electrons at the end of the ETC
149
The ultimate acceptor of all electrons flowing down the ETC is
Oxygen
150
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the
Stroma
151
The backbone of DNA strand is composed
Sugar phosphate
152
Binding of actin to myosin during muscle contraction is regulated by
Ca++
153
What is the most numerous functional group on most monosaccharides
Hydroxyl
154
Which is true concerning unsaturated fatty acids?
They have lower ratio of H to C then saturated
155
A lipid molecule with 4 fused carbon rings is a
Steroid
156
Intergral Proteins would be expected to have
Hydrophobic Regions
157
Based on size and charge what would move through lipid bilayer of PM most rapidly
CO2
158
Which organelles are not part of membrane flow?
Ribosomes
159
What digest foreign cells
Lysosome
160
The oxidized form of FAD is reduced by adding
Hydrogen
161
Hydrogen bonds must be broken during the process of DNA replication, these bonds occur between
Nitrogenous Bases
162
In an inducible operon, in the presence of ____ the structural genes will be transcribed
Inducer
163
Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs through the formation of a
Cell Plate
164
During both Anaphases in Meiosis the cells have what kind of pairs
homologus
165
Epistasis occurs when
one gene interferes with expression of another gene
166
Polygenic inheritance involves
The additive effect of multiple alleles
167
Which of the following is true of a target cell?
It must have a receptor for the chemical signal
168
What is not a major plant hormone?
Photoxin
169
Which gland secrete steroid hormones?
Adrenal
170
What hormone promotes seed dormancy
Abscisic acid
171
What plant hormone stimulates lateral bud development in stems?
Cytokinesis
172
What is involved in regulating metabolic rate
Thyroxine
173
What contains neurosecretory cells
Hypothalamus
174
Somatic part of brain
Conscious control
