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External Exam > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Full range of different living organisms in a particular area or region and interactions between

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2
Q

Species diversity

A

Number of different species in an ecosystem. High species diversity equals, less likely to collapse as a result of small changes.

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3
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Number of different alleles, possessed by species greatest genetic diversity equals more likely to tolerate environmental

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4
Q

Ecosystem diversity 

A

Different biomes and variations within it. More habitats within an ecosystem more species are likely to be Present 

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5
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Leaving components of the ecosystem, for example animals or plants

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6
Q

Abiotic factors 

A

Nonliving components, for example, whether or landscape

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Composed of biotic, and abiotic factors together in one particular area

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8
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of different species in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Species of abundance

A

Number of individuals of that particular species

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10
Q

Percentage cover

A

Proportion of an area covered by an Organism

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11
Q

Percentage frequency

A

Measure of the appearance of plant species within Sample quadrants

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12
Q

Species diversity, percentage meaning

A

The amount of species that are Different

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13
Q

Spatial scale

A

How much area a studied ecosystem covers, This affects SDI, species interactions, And abiotic factors, such as seasons and time of day

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14
Q

Temporal scale

A

Time period over which an ecosystem is studied, maybe short-term like 24 hours midterm like seasonal changes or long-term like years. This affects Species diversity (vary between day and night, winter/summer), species interactions (healthy ecosystem equals long-term stability), abiotic factors (temperature, and humidity)

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15
Q

Symbiosis

A

At least one species benefits

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16
Q

Limiting factors

A

Aspects of the environment that restrict an organisms ability to live there for example, koalas would be the number of eucalyptus trees

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17
Q

Abiotic environmental factors

A

Each organism has an optimal range for each abiotic factor in the environment

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18
Q

Classification

A

Arranging things into groups according to the observed similarities

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19
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

G. Species Genus species (italics)

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20
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Only need one parent, offspring is identical to the parent, low, genetic variation, done via binary, fission, and mitosis

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Parents, and fertilisation, genetic material combines to form a unique sell that develops into an Organism 

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22
Q

R strategists

A

Short lives, high rates of reproduction, quick to mature, have strong sex drive, little careful, offspring, lived in unstable environments. Examples of this are coral insects, rodents, and rabbits.

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23
Q

K strategist

A

Been stable environments, longer, lived, fewer offspring, nurture, young, increase of springs chance of reaching sexual maturity, longer to achieve sexual maturity, longer, gestation period, for example, elephants turtles

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24
Q

Molecular, sequences or molecular phylogeny

A

Looking at the similarities and differences between DNA sequence in scientists can help classify organisms. DNA. Evidence is useful when physical features is not clear. For example, the red panda was considered a part of the bear or raccoon family considering similar appearance is however, DNA evidence proves it is sufficiently different, therefore, has its own family 

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25
Q

Clade

A

A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal dissent

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26
Q

First Assumptions of cladistics

A

Any group of organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor, all life evolved from a common ancestor

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27
Q

Second assumption of cladistics

A

There is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis (The offspring of an ancestral species split into exactly 2 groups) 

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28
Q

Third assumption of cladistics

A

Change in physical characteristics, occurs in lineage over time (it is only when characteristics change that we can recognise different lineages)

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29
Q

Rooted, phylogenetic trees

A

Specifies all ancestor and descent relationships, the root equals ancestor

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30
Q

Unrooted phylogenetic trees

A

Do you know entire unknown, ancestral route and do not specify ancestor descent relationships? They are useful when you wish to draw a network of relationships between species.

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31
Q

Unscaled rooted tree

A

The branch length Is an proportional 

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32
Q

Scaled rooted tree

A

Branch length equals time or genetic differences

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33
Q

Time rooted trees

A

Branch length equals time, and if one line is shorter than the other that organism is extinct

34
Q

Genetic distance rooted trees

A

Branch length equals number of genetic differences

35
Q

Species limitations

A

Hybrids, asexual, organisms, and infertile organisms 

36
Q

Hybrids

A

When closely related organisms interbreed in artificial situations. Their offspring is usually sterile, and example of this is a mule, which came from a donkey and horse.

37
Q

Predation

A

One organism the predator kills and consumes the other the prey

38
Q

Competition

A

Many species compete with each other for the same resources

39
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits at the expense of another

40
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits, and the other is unaffected

41
Q

Disease

A

Pathogens, cause, disease, and orgasm causing damage or killing the host

42
Q

4 types of ecosystem classification

A

Holdrige lives in classification scheme (land), spechts Classification system(trees), Australian national aquatic ecosystem, European nature, information system

43
Q

Coral reefs

A

Protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action in tropical storms. Provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms. The source of nitrogen and many essential nutrients for marine food chains. Important for fishing in tourism.

44
Q

Coral reefs
management strategies

A

Is there any plans, control and removal of
Exotic species, conservation, and recreational use policies 

45
Q

Old growth forests

A

They take many hundreds of years to develop an hour climax community with a huge biodiversity. They have very high aesthetic, cultural and nature conservation value and
Their protection and management is extremely important in the maintenance of biodiversity of ecological function of the nutrients and water cycles 

46
Q

Old growth forest management strategies

A

Prescribed burning control, and removal of invasive species and conservation and recreational use policies 

47
Q

Productive soils

A

Consists of grain varying size along with a mixture of organic minerals that support healthy plant growth, productive soils that can recover from environmental and climate, seasonal stress and supports plant growth, decomposition, and recycling processes and resist erosion 

48
Q

Management strategies for productive soils

A

Reduce overgrazing, select crops suitable for soil type in climate

49
Q

Purpose of stratified sampling

A

Estimating population, density, distribution, environmental gradient in profiles and zonation and stratification

50
Q

Site selection in stratified sampling I

A

Clearly marked out locations, accurately recorded, meaning that further surveys can be carried out areas are represented of the community as a whole

51
Q

Quadrats

A

Used to measure abundance of plant species

52
Q

Belt transacts

A

Long strip of terrain the organisms are counted between two lines, shows visual gradient and abundance of each species

53
Q

Line Transects

A

Used to estimate relative Densities of species, counting number of particular species on the line cutting through the community 

54
Q

Minimising bias

A

Adequate size and number of samples, the greater the number of samples taken the greater the probability that the Sample mean is representative of the community use. Random number generator is counting criteria and calibrate equipment.

55
Q

Converting light to chemical energy

A

Plants with our gear, have a vault photosynthesis as a way to utilise the sun’s energy and establish an energy structure upon which all organisms depend Not all energy will be absorbed due to radiation, reflection and absorption

56
Q

Autotrophs

A

Obtain organic compounds by converting inorganic matter these are produces

57
Q

Photoautotrophs 

A

Organisms that use sunlight to prepare own food?

58
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain energy from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources

59
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain organic, compounds from autotrophs or other heterotrophs These are consumers

60
Q

How does energy move from one trophic level to another?

A

10% of the energy is passed onto the next trophic level. The other 90% is used up by the organism through waste and decomposition respiration or it is lost in the environment. Consider that not all organisms in the trophic level are eaten, therefore that energy is not passed on. 

61
Q

Biomass

A

Amount of organic matter in a system

62
Q

Gross primary productivity

A

Rate of solar energy being converted into photosynthetic products

63
Q

Net primary productivity

A

Gross productivity, minus metabolism or respiration

64
Q

Carbon cycle steps

A

Photosynthesis, cellular, respiration, decomposition, Fossilisation, combustion

65
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plants and algae take in carbon dioxide and converted into sugars, using sunlight and water

66
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Animals and plants use aerobic cellular respiration to release energy for biological processes and also releases carbon dioxide

67
Q

Decomposition

A

Fungi and bacteria, decompose, dead organisms, and organic waste, releasing organic compounds and carbon dioxide

68
Q

Fossilisation

A

Under specific conditions, dead organisms can fossilised over thousands and millions of years and conform fossil fuels

69
Q

Combustion

A

The burning of fossil fuels releases vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

70
Q

Steps of the water cycle

A

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, percolation

71
Q

Evaporation

A

When bodies of water have heated by the sun’s energy, water can evaporate, turning from a liquid to a gas or vapour

72
Q

Transpiration

A

Water can evaporate from the leaves of plants through tiny holes, called stomata

73
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapour condenses when it is called forming clouds

74
Q

Precipitation 

A

When water falls from the sky, this can be rain, sleet, or hail

75
Q

Percolation

A

Water moves through soil layers back to lakes and oceans. Once the soil layer is saturated, it moves as surface run-off.

76
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Bacteria in the soil, convert nitrogen gas to ammonium ions

77
Q

Nitrification

A

The process of turning ammonium ions into nitrates and nitrites done by not nitrifying bacteria

78
Q

Assimilation

A

Uptake of nitrates from the soil by the roots of plants

79
Q

Ammonification 

A

Decomposes turn nitrogen compounds from dead organisms and organic waste into ammonium

80
Q

Denitrification

A

The process of turning nitrates into nitrogen gas. This is done by denitrifying bacteria.

81
Q

Order of nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, a simulation, ammonification, denitrification 

External Exam (2 decks)

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