Bio 12 General Reviewer

Question 1

What is the most inclusive taxon, or most encompassing taxonomic category?

Answer 1

KINGDOM

Question 2

Hierarchy of taxonomic category

Answer 2

Kingdom > Phylum (animals) or Division (Plants) > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

Question 3

IN PLANTS: -phyta indicates what?

Answer 3

DIVISION

Question 4

IN PLANTS: -opsida indicates what?

Answer 4

CLASS

Question 5

IN PLANTS: -ales indicates what?

Answer 5

ORDER

Question 6

IN PLANTS: -ceae indicates what?

Answer 6

FAMILY

Question 7

FIVE KINGDOMS: Monera

Answer 7

Includes the bacteria; a group of organisms that are distinguished from the rest of the kingdoms by their PROKARYOTIC cells

Question 8

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 8

Simple cells, believed to be ancestors of prokaryotes

Question 9

COMMON ANCESTOR of all organisms

Answer 9

A single-celled prokaryote

Question 10

FIVE KINGDOMS: Protista

Answer 10

The most diverse of the kingdoms. Has unicellular and multicellular organisms. As well as autotrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes. Also include PROTOZOANS (fungal-like, animal-like, plant-like)

Question 11

FIVE KINGDOMS: Plantae

Answer 11

generally multicellular, land plants are thought to be descendants of a certain type of protist (a member of Div Chlorophyta, specifically Charophyta)

includes mosses, flowering plants (angiosperms), gymnosperms (naked seeds)

Question 12

FIVE KINGDOMS: Fungi

Answer 12

generally multicellular, but Saccharomyces is UNICELLULAR

HETEROTROPHIC (saprobic or parasitic)

Question 13

FIVE KINGDOMS: Animalia

Answer 13

multicellular, more related to fungi than to plants

Question 14

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Answer 14

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

Question 15

Domain Eukarya

Answer 15

Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals

Those with EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Question 16

Kingdom MONERA

Answer 16

Includes D. ARCHAEA and BACTERIA

Question 17

Domain > Kingdom. True or false?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

THALLOPHYTES

Answer 18

Had THALLUS which was UNdifferentiated. Hard to distinguish stem-like, leaf-like, and root-like structures. Do NOT have the ability to form embryos

Includes MONERA, PROTISTA, FUNGI

Algae which belong to Protista are photosynthetic autotrophs

Fungi are HETEROtrophs

Question 19

EMBRYOPHYTES

Answer 19

had the ability to FORM EMBRYOS, and their THALLUS IS DIFFERENTIATED. You can easily tell the leaves, roots, stems and flowers.

Includes ANIMALIA & PLANTAE

Question 20

Kingdom Monera

Answer 20

Prokaryotic
General morphology: unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular

D. SCHIZOPHYTA - Bacteria
D. CYANOPHYTA - Cyanobacteria

Question 21

Fimbriae

Answer 21

attachment pili

hairlike appendages that helps cells adhere to other cells or to a substrate

Question 22

Capsule

Answer 22

sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that can help cell adherence and/or evasion of a host’s immune system; covers the cell wall

helps them become resistant to antibiotics

Question 23

Flagella

Answer 23

organs used by motile bacteria for propulsion

Question 24

Taxis

Answer 24

movement away or towards from a stimuli

Question 25

Cell Wall

Answer 25

found in nearly all prokaryotes gram-negative bacteria: THIN peptidoglycan layer, stains red gram-positive bacteria: FAT peptidoglycan layer, stains purple NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN ARCHAEBACTERIA

Question 26

Circular chromosomes

Answer 26

Structure in prokaryotes often accompanied by smaller rings of DNA called plasmids

Question 27

Sex pilus

Answer 27

Appendages that facilitates conjugation

Question 28

Coccus bacteria

Answer 28

Spherical Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus

Question 29

Bacillus bacteria

Answer 29

Rod-shaped Rhizobium Escherichia coli

Question 30

Spirillum bacteria

Answer 30

spiral corkscrew shaped Spirillum

Question 31

Non-pathogenic bacteria

Answer 31

E. coli - helps break down organic materials in the digestive system Lactobacillus does not cause diseases good bacteria

Question 32

Pathogenic

Answer 32

causes diseases bad bacteria S. aureus Streptococcus Salmonella mostly spirillum

Question 33

Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 33

stains purple or blue because crystal violet remains in the peptidoglycan layer Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus

Question 34

Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 34

stains pink or red less peptidoglycan main component of cell wall is LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES safranin clings to cell wall ``` Rhizobium Anabaena Nostoc Oscillatoria Spirillum Escherichia coli ```

Question 35

Rhizobium

Answer 35

Bacteria found in root nodules of legumes Aid in nitrogen fixation which provides nitrogen for the plant to use Plant becomes source of carbohydrate for bacteria

Question 36

Heterocyst

Answer 36

for NITROGEN FIXATION

Question 37

Akinete

Answer 37

RESTING SPORES/CELLS for SURVIVAL ("help them survive adverse conditions for reproduction")

Question 38

Anabaena

Answer 38

Bacteria that has akinete and heterocyst When it detects that there's too much pollution, they cause LUMOT

Question 39

Nostoc

Answer 39

bacteria found in many rice plantation sites | gelatinous

Question 40

Spirulina

Answer 40

bacteria used in production of multivitamins

Question 41

Cyanobacteria

Answer 41

PROKARYOTIC CELL No chloroplast or plasmids THEY CAN PHOTOSYNTHESIZE BECAUSE OF THEIR THYLAKOIDS (WHICH CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL) ARE EXPOSED Predominant pigment: Chlorophyll and PHYCOCYANIN Product: CYANOPHYCEAN STARCH

Question 42

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division DINOPHYTA or Dinoflagellates* phytoplankton

Answer 42

``` Cell wall: CELLULOSE Mostly unicellular, some COLONIAL A. rep: MITOSIS S. rep: Naked cells as gametes Predom. pigment: CAROTENOIDS Stored product: STARCH, oil Habitat: Marine and freshwater Specimen: Dinoflagellates ```

Question 43

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division CHRYSOPHYTA or Golden Algae* phytoplankton

Answer 43

Cell wall: CELLULOSIC with SILICA Mostly unicellular, some COLONIAL A. rep: MITOSIS, ZOOSPORE S. rep: ISOGAMY (by fusion of similar gametes) Predom. pigment: CAROTENOIDS (Yellow and brown), Chlorophylls A and C Stored product: CHRYSOLAMINARIN, LEUCOSIN, oil Habitat: Marine and freshwater Specimen: [Diatoms] Navicula*, Cyclotella

Question 44

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division BACILLARIOPHYTA or Diatoms* phytoplankton

Answer 44

Cell wall: SILICA (important component of cement) Unicellular or Colonial A: MITOSIS S: Rare (but if ever, eggs and sperm) Predom. pigment: FUCOXANTHIN, Chlorophylls A and C Also has carotenoids and xanthophyll Stored product: CHRYSOLAMINARIN, LEUCOSIN, oil Habitat: Marine and freshwater Specimen: Diatoms

Question 45

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division EUGLENOPHYTA or Euglenids

Answer 45

``` Cell wall: NO CELL WALL*** Other features: Biflagellated, has a contractile vacuole; PELLICLE instead Unicellular A: Mitosis S: NONE Predom. pigment: Chlorophylls A and B Stored product: PARAMYLON Habitat: Freshwater Specimens: Euglena ```

Question 46

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division CHLOROPHYTA or Green Algae

Answer 46

Cell wall: CELLULOSIC Unicellular, colonial or filamentous A: Simple MITOSIS, ZOOSPORE formation, FRAGMENTATION S: ANISOGAMY (by fusion of dissimilar gametes), ISOGAMY, OOGAMY, CONJUGATION Predom. pigment: Chlorophylls A and B Stored product: TRUE STARCH Marine, freshwater and terrestrial Specimens: Caulerpa, Chara, Chlamydomonas, Desmids, Halimeda, Oedogonium, Scenedemus, Spirogyra, Volvox

Question 47

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division PHAEOPHYTA or Brown Algae

Answer 47

Cell wall: CELLULOSIC; contains ALGIN in the cell wall to thicken processed foods Multicellular A: SPORES S: Eggs and Sperm Predom pigment: FUCOXANTHIN, Chlorophylls A and C Stored product: LAMINARIN or MANNITOL Marine (temperate, cool waters) Additional info: "Kelp Forests" with holdfast, stipe and blade Specimens: Ectocarpus, Turbinaria, Padina, Sargassum

Question 48

Kingdom Protista (Algal-like) Division RHODOPHYTA or Red Algae

Answer 48

Cell wall: CELLULOSIC Multicellular A: TETRASPORE S: CARPOGONIUM and SPERMATIUM Predom pigment: PHYCOERYTHRIN, Chlorophyll A Stored product: RHODOPHYCEAN STARCH (Floridian Starch) Mostly marine, few in fresh, tropical, warm waters Specimen: Eucheuma, Gracilaria