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BMAT > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

-giga

A

10^9

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2
Q

Females

A

XX

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3
Q

Males

A

XY

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4
Q

Sex chromosomes?

A

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human cell - 1 is referred to as sex chromosomes

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5
Q

Y chromosome?

A

Much smaller than X and contains fewer genes
Y gene contains genes needed to initiate male sexual development

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6
Q

Sperm and egg

A

Sperm (of its 23 chromosomes) - 1 is either X or Y
Ovum - always contains X chromosome

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7
Q

At fertilisation?

A

Sperm cell determines the sex of the resulting zygote
Thus it’s 50:50 ; ratio of males to females is 1:1

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Parent plant produces a runner and new offspring develop along the length of the runner - divide by mitosis and differentiate into all cell types (genetically identical)

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9
Q

Genetic variation

A

Reduces frequency of recessive inherited conditions

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10
Q

Why are bacteria produced by binary fission (passing one loop of chromosomal DNA to each cell) not always genetically identical?

A

MUTATION MAY DEVELOP WHEN DNA COPIED (change in order of bases of DNA)

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11
Q

Cells in this plant leaf?

A

Divide by mitosis to produce tiny plantlets ; they will eventually drop to the ground and grow into new plants - genetically identical

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12
Q

Which type of human cell has no nucleus and thus no chromosomes?

A

MATURE red blood cells

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13
Q

Alleles?

A

Dominant (capital letter)
Recessive (small letter)

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14
Q

Genotype?

A

Alleles we have that control a characteristic

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15
Q

Genotype?

A

Two alleles for each gene (1 from each parent) - genotype can be written as two letters with each letter representing one allele of the gene

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16
Q

Phenotype?

A

Genes determine our phenotype but this can also be determined by environment

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17
Q

Homozygous?

A

Two alleles of a gene that are the same

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18
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Two different alleles of that gene

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19
Q

If dominant allele present?

A

Allele always determines the phenotype

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20
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross between two individuals of a species where the impact of only a single gene is considered as a monohybrid cross

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21
Q

When 50% is result of punnets square?

A

1:1

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22
Q

Inheritance?

A

Genes and their alleles play a big role in determining our characteristics as genetic conditions (determined by alleles) can be passed down from one generation to the next

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23
Q

For recessive conditions?

A

Heterozygous = carrier
Homozygous recessive = sufferer

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24
Q

Expected probabilities of punnet squares not always seen?

A

Larger the sample size - more significant the expected probability

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25
Q

Height (continuous variation)

A

Example of a characteristic that is controlled by the action on more than one gene

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26
Q

If there is a mutation in the non-functional enzyme?

A

Phenotype is affected

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27
Q

Certain mutations

A

Very small effect on phenotype

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28
Q

Most mutations

A

No effect on phenotype - large sections of DNA on chromosomes do not code for proteins and these are unlikely to affect the phenotype
Silent mutations occur within a gene
Mutation changes base of DNA but not amino acids
Triplet code still codes for the amino acid
Mutation is silent because no effect on phenotyoe

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29
Q

Genetic engineering?

A

Copy of a gene from one organism and inserting that into DNA of another organism to create a genetically modified organism - TRANSGENIC

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30
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A

Gene of interest cut from DNA of an organism using a restriction enzyme (breaks down phosphodiester bonds)
Restrictions enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way leaving short sections at the end of each gene - sticky ends
Bacterial plastic cut open using same restriction enzyme (same sticky ends that are
complementary to those on ends of gene)
Useful gene and plasmid DNA mixed and inserted into plasmid ; h bonds form between bases in sticky ends of plasmid
DNA Ligase used to join plasmid DNA and the useful gene together ; joins end nucleotides to end nucleotides of the plasmid

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31
Q

Plasmid description after?

A

Recombinant ; altered and has DNA from more than 1 source

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32
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

Placed in bacteria and acts a vector in carrying that gene in the bacterial cell

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33
Q

Genetic engineering of plants?

A

Plant cells do not have plasmids ; bacteria are commonly used to create GM plants

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34
Q

How is plant cell gm different?

A

Recombinant ti plasmid created and is then inserted into a bacteria (tumefaciens) to create a transgenic bacterial cell ; the bacteria infects the plant cells when grown together and thus carries the useful gene into the plant genome (able to now produce the protein coded for by the gene)

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35
Q

Gm plants?

A

Significant yield of food crops - feed the increasing human population (pest/disease/herbicide resistance)

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36
Q

Benefits and risk of using Genetic engineering?

A

GM bacteria can produce hormone insulin which is used to treat diabetes
Can grow clotting factors for inherited diseases
Few side effects because protein from bacteria are human proteins
Long term consequences of GMO are unknown - a lot of scepticism
More medicine to be produced

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37
Q

GMO positive?

A

Vaccines - helps provide safer and cheaper vaccines for deadly diseases

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38
Q

Gene therapy negatives?

A

If not accurate then can cause cancer ; gene is inserted too close to a cancer causing gene

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39
Q

Risk of stem cell treatment?

A

Cancer developing
Rejection by the immune system because transplanted cells are foreign

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40
Q

Use of embryonic stem cells?

A

Controversial
Treating diabetes by replacing insulin secreting cells
Replacing neurones
Etc

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41
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells?

A

No rejection
Less controversial than embryonic stem cells
Testing it on cell cultures before being used in a patient

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42
Q

Totipotent vs pluripotent?

A

Totipotent can differentiate to become the placenta but pluripotent cannot

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43
Q

Domesticated animals!

A

Animals that humans have tamed

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44
Q

Selective breeding?

A

Choose animals with desirable outcomes and use them for breeding - offspring also shows these characteristics

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45
Q

Selective breeding?

A

Animals with desirable characteristics are identified and bred - happens in a cycle over and over ; desirable characteristic starts to increase in the population

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46
Q

Disadvantages of selective breeding?

A

Reduces gene pool/variation ; result of inbreeding which increases likelihood of genetic conditions occurring

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47
Q

Why does inbreeding cause genetic diseases?

A

Alleles are often recessive ; increased chance of animals being homozygous recessive and thus de looong the condition

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48
Q

Other concerns?

A

Ethically speaking whether welfare of animals is affected - characteristic may not be desirable for the animal rather than humans

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49
Q

Inbreeding?

A

Reduces ability to cope with environmental stresses/adapt to new diseases etc

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50
Q

Species?

A

Fertile offspring

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51
Q

Population

A

All of the organisms of one species found in an area

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52
Q

Natural selection

A

Mutations have caused genetic variation in populations ; individuals will have different characteristics

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53
Q

Selective advantage?

A

Organisms with the advantageous alleles are better suited to their environment ; survival of the fittest - over many generations thus becomes more common

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54
Q

What else can cause variation?

A

Environment can alter the phenotype

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55
Q

Functional enzyme in stomach

A

Optimum ph = 2

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56
Q

Functional enzyme in small intestine

A

Optimum ph = 8

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57
Q

Carbohydrase?

A

Insoluble carbohydrates to soluble glucose

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58
Q

Lipid breakdown

A

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

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59
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Extracellular

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60
Q

Inside cells

A

Intracellular (respiration/photosynthesis)

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61
Q

Energy for respiration used for?

A

Protein synthesis
Active transport
Cell division
Muscle contraction

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62
Q

Prokaryote aerobic respiration

A

In cytoplasm

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63
Q

During exercise?

A

May break down glycogen stores into glucose for respiration

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64
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Cytoplasm

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65
Q

Neurone

A

Nerves are made of bundles of the axons of neurones

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66
Q

CNS

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord (nerves running through the vertebrae) ; nerves from receptors in the sense organs bring impulses to the spinal cord which sends them to the brain for processing (sends back an impulse via spinal cord to nerves)

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67
Q

Spine?

A

CNS CONTAINS SPINAL CORD NOT SPINE

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68
Q

Where are receptors found?

A

In sense organs (not CNS)

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69
Q

Neurone?

A

Nerve cell - transmit electrical impulses (single nucleus and extensions of cytoplasm allow electrical impulses to travel through them)

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70
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Connect receptors (detect stimuli) with CNS

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71
Q

Relay neurones

A

Connect sensory to motor neurones? And allow communication to and from brain

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72
Q

Motor neurone?

A

Connect central nervous system to efffectors - produce a response (muscles and glands)

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73
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Cell body in middle

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74
Q

Motor

A

Cell body at the end

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75
Q

Relay

A

Thin axon

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76
Q

Axon

A

Electrical impulse travels down

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77
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Protects the axon and makes impulse travel faster - dendrites allow connection to other neurones

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78
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap between two neurones ; allow neurones to transmit electrical impulses to each other - allow many neurones to connect with each other at once (made between dendrites)

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79
Q

How do impulses cross synapse?

A

Causes chemical to be released - neurotransmitter diffuses from axon to neurone on other side ; binds to receptor which allows the impulse to be regenerated - travels down axon of other neurones etc

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80
Q

Reflex arc

A

Protect the body from harm - bypass the brain

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81
Q

Reflex arc chain of events

A

Stimulus -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> spinal cord -> motor neurone -> effector

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82
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles

A

Both contain cartilage to ensure the airway remains open

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83
Q

Air entering the body

A

Contains more oxygen
Less CO2
Less water vapour
Contains pollen, dust, viruses

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84
Q

Normal exhalation

A

Passive (when active muscles on abdominal wall will also contract)

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85
Q

Inhale

A

Intercostal muscle contract and pull up and out
Diaphragm flattens (contracts)

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86
Q

Where is co2 transported

A

Blood plamsa

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87
Q

Increase in heart rate?

A

Make blood flow faster - steeper concentrations gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide

88
Q

Heart

A

Coronary

89
Q

Lungs

A

Pulmonary

90
Q

Liver

A

Hepatic

91
Q

Kidneys

A

Renal

92
Q

Vein

A

Thin vessel with less muscle and elastic tissue

93
Q

Arteries

A

Narrow lumen

94
Q

PQRS complex

A

Electrical activity causing ventricles to contract

95
Q

Factors affecting heart rate

A

Exercise and hormones

96
Q

In a healthy person

A

RBCs most numerous and WBCs least numerous

97
Q

Plasma contains

A

Glucose, urea and amino acids ; hormones, antibodies co2 etc (55% of blood)

98
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies (proteins that target specific marker antigens) and some form memory cells in secondary immune response

99
Q

Clotting

A

Platelets have no nucleus and stop blood loss/prevent microbes ; enzymes convert soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

100
Q

ABO system?

A

Blood group system - gene for this system codes for a protein found on plasma membrane - immunoglobulin

101
Q

How many alleles does ABO gene have?

A

3 - on,y two are present in any 1 person

102
Q

A

A

I^A *2 (homozygous) OR I^A and I^O (with the A allele being dominant)

103
Q

B

A

I^B (*2) - homozygous
I^B and I^O (B is dominant to O allele)

104
Q

AB

A

I^A I^B (neither allele is dominant so they are co-dominant and so both are expressed)

105
Q

O

A

Domination is homozygous recessive

106
Q

Digestive system

A

Breakdown of insoluble molecules found in food into soluble products and absorption of these products of digestion

107
Q

Digestive system food path

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

108
Q

Blood group phenotypes - donate to - receive from

A

A - A and AB - A and O
B - B and AB - B and O
AB - AB - Any blood group
O - Universal donor - O

109
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave of muscular contraction that move the bolus along

110
Q

Mechanical

A

Teeth grinding/stomach churning

111
Q

Chemical

A

Using bile/enzymes which are produced by specialised cells in glands and tissues in the gut lining

112
Q

Enzymes and their conditions

A

Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and provides correct pH for protease enzymes to digest protein

113
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice

A

Contain HCO3- ions to neutralise the stomach acid and provide alkaline conditions needed by enzymes in small intestine

114
Q

Function of bile?

A

Emulsify lipids to increase surface area for lipases to digest

115
Q

Starch, proteins and lipid

A

Large insoluble molecules that cannot pass through the gut wall ; extracellular enzymes are secreted into the gut lumen to break down these molecules by hydrolysis

116
Q

Fibre?

A

Cannot be digested and absorbed as enzyme not present

117
Q

Glycerol and fatty acids

A

Small and soluble - pass through gut wall and into lymph system before entering blood

118
Q

Active transport is used

A

When higher concentration of nutrients is present in the small intestine than in the blood

119
Q

How are macromolecules made?

A

Condensation reactions

120
Q

Not all good is digested

A

Fibre/indigestible components of food remain - these materials are then passed on to the large intestine - brown from bile pigments and into rectum
Expelled through EGESTION

121
Q

Small intestine

A

Alkaline

122
Q

In the liver

A

Deamination - excess amino acids are broken down
Nitrogen component converted to urea - can be toxic if too high so excreted by kidneys
Liver breaks down haemoglobin from RBCs - yellow pigment called bilirubin - excreted with bile into small intestine and expelled with faeces

123
Q

Skin excretory substance?

A

Sweat - sodium chloride and traces of urea

124
Q

Kidney

A

Remove urea - adjust ion content and adjust water content

125
Q

Path of flow through kidney

A

Receives blood via renal artery from aorta - ultrafiltration to remove urea, excess water and sakes - filtered blood is returned to vena cava via renal vein
Mixture of substances removed from blood plasma (filtrate) is called urine - passes down ureter to bladder (where it is stored)
Sphincter muscle at the base controls release of urine through urethra

126
Q

How does ultrafiltration work?

A

Through nephrons - each one has a glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule

127
Q

Kidney composition?

A

Enters through renal artery - divides into arterioles and capillaries in the cortex
Capillary is knotted to form glomerulus (surrounded by bowman’s capsule)
Leads to convoluted tube - passes through medulla where it forms loop of Henle and returning to a distal convoluted tubule in cortex again
Tubule joins a collecting duct which passes down through the medulla into the pelvis

128
Q

How does nephron work?

A

Pressure increases as blood enters glomerulus
Plasma proteins and blood cells are retained within capillary
Water dissolved ions glucose and urea are forced our via ultrafiltration
Filtrate collected in renal capsule and through renal tubule
As the filtrate passes along tubule - selective reabsorption takes place into capillaries surrounding the tubule
Glucose is reabsorbed by diffusion
Water reabsorbed via osmosis and salts to maintain correct concentration in the blood
Salts/urea/Uric acid not needed continue along tubule into medulla collecting duct
Duct delivers filtrate to the pelvis of the kidney where fluid passes into a ureter -> bladder
Urine is retained in the bladder by a sphincter muscle
Muscle wall of bladder contracts when sphincter relaxes to expel the urine through URETHRA

129
Q

Kidney other functions

A

Remove chemicals which might poison enzymes in the cell
Control levels of salts/acids and water in the blood

130
Q

On a hot day

A

More water lost in sweat - thus kidneys produce small volume of concentrated urine to conserve water (prevent dehydration)
Opposite for on a cold day - could become over-hydrated (could become swollen and burst via osmosis)
Regulation of how much water is excreted is determined by the hormone ADH

131
Q

Blood leaving the kidney

A

Less water, fewer salts, less urea and less uric acid
Higher carbon dioxide concentration and a lower oxygen concentration than blood entering the kidney

132
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Young people
Inability of pancreatic cells to secrete enough insulin
Can be inherited
Autoimmune disease - tired/thirsty/weight loss
Treatment through regular injections of insulin and carefully regulated diet

133
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

More common form of diabetes (older people) - can be inherited or a result of obesity - which could lead to insulin resistance

134
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Brain signals to pituitary gland to increase or decrease amount of ADH
ADH binds to collecting ducts of nephrons and makes them more permeable
So high levels of ADH (on a hot day) means more water is reabsorbed and less urine excreted

135
Q

Thermal regulation

A

Rise in temperature detected by thermoregulatory centre - responds by sending nerve impulses to the skin causing effectors to respond (sweat and vasodilation) -cooling

136
Q

When it is too cold?

A

Shivering
Vasoconstriction - erection of hairs on surface of skin to create an insulating layer

137
Q

Why is insulin injected rather than taken orally?

A

Protease enzymes would digest insulin if taken orally

138
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroxine - regulates metabolic rate

139
Q

Pancreas - insulin and glucagon

A
140
Q

Ovary

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

141
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Stimulates other glands to release hormones

142
Q

Release of thyroxine?

A

Controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone - which is released from the pituitary gland (keeps levels of thyroxine within a normal range)

143
Q

What is level of thyroxine monitored by?

A

Hypothalamus

144
Q

TSH?

A

Negative feedback cycle (released by pituitary gland)

145
Q

Adrenaline?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Increase breathing rate
Increase heart rate
Stimulates more blood flow to muscles

146
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of eggs (ova) approximately every 28 days (around day 14 of menstrual cycle)

147
Q

Testosterone

A

Male reproductive hormone and stimulates sperm production

148
Q

FSH

A

Produced by pituitary and stimulates ovary to develop a follicle containing an egg and to produce oestrogen

149
Q

Oestrogen

A

Stimulates uterus lining to thicken

150
Q

LH

A

Pituitary gland - acts on target structures in ovary and stimulates the follicle to release the egg in the middle of the cycle

151
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by empty follicle in the overt (corpus luteum) ; maintains lining of uterus so the fertilised egg may implant

152
Q

Oestrogen and progesterone

A

Inhibit production of FSH and LH respectively

153
Q

Decreased progesterone levels

A

Causes thickened uterus lining to break down and be discharged

154
Q

Artificial administration of oestrogen and progesterone

A

Prevents ovulation by inhibiting FSH and LH production thus cannot ovulate

155
Q

Progesterone

A

Stimulates production of thick cervical mucus so that sperm are unable to fertilise the egg

156
Q

Cervix

A

Opening to uterus

157
Q

Oral pill

A

Progesterone /combined (progesterone and oestrogen)

158
Q

Problems with oral pill

A

Not 100% effective and side effects like nausea possible
No protection from STDs
Taken daily

159
Q

Hormonal methods of contraception

A

Skin patch (contains same hormones as combined pill)
Injection (progesterone)
Implant (progesterone for up to 3 years)
Intrauterine devices - release progesterone and prevent implantation of embryo

160
Q

Hormonal methods

A

Prevent ovulation
Do not decrease risk of STDs

161
Q

Non hormonal methods

A

Barrier (condoms diaphragm (used with spermicide) spermicide)
Intrauterine decides/copper IUDs (prevent stern from surviving in uterus)
Surgical methods (permanent sterilisation or cutting oviducts/sperm ducts)
Natural - abstinence (100% effective)

162
Q

Contraception

A

Effectiveness varies depending on individual

163
Q

Viruses

A

Genetic material not in nucleus and they lack cytoplasm

164
Q

HIV

A

Retrovirus (RNA in genetic material) and an enzyme called reverse transcriptase ; on,y found in retroviruses and catalysed conversion of RNA ago DNA

165
Q

How can HIV be passed!

A

Bodily fluids (semen/vaginal fluid) or breast milk

166
Q

How to prevent hiv transmission

A

Condom
Screening of blood
Bottle milk rather than breast milk

167
Q

HIV+?

A

Virus parasites mean that the person has a reduced white blood cell count (weakened immune system) ; this leads them to have AIDS
No cure for HIV just drugs ti stop reverse transcriptase from functioning (anti-retro viral drugs)

168
Q

Influenza

A

Spread by airborne droplets ; vaccines use an inactive/weakened virus to those with weakened immune system

169
Q

Measles

A

Direct contact
MMR vaccine

170
Q

TMV

A

Only transmitted via direct contact
Removing plants and crop rotation

171
Q

Bacterial disease

A

Antibiotics ; antibiotic resistance is a big issue - can be prevented through vaccinations

172
Q

Salmonella food positioning

A

Person ingests food with bacterium (reproduces in small intestines causing inflammation)
Prevention is by making sure frozen meat is throughly defrosted etc
Oral rehydration is needed to replace lost electrolytes

173
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotic organisms that are single called and have a nucleus - plasmodium (mosquito being the vector)
Tend to bite at dusk/dark so use mosquito nets or skin lotions with chemicals to repel mosquitos so they cannot be bitten - anti-malarial medication can also prevent infection by protist

174
Q

Ways do interrupting mosquito life cycle

A

Fish as natural predators fo eat the larvae
Draining areas of stagnant water

175
Q

Problem with insecticides?

A

Resistance to insecticides

176
Q

Fungi

A

Displease through spores ; thus store them in dry conditions to prevent growth (anti fungal medication)
Athletes foot/aspergillosis

177
Q

Vaccines

A

Contain a dead/inactive pathogen or a weakened virus - still has markers exclusive to that pathogen (antigens) - body responds with a primary immune response
Recognises non-self antigens
Lymphocytes reproduce -> also become memory cells for secondary immune response
Produce specific antibodies
Antibody antigen complex formed
Destroy the pathogen / phagocytosis through opsonins/agglutination

178
Q

Can immunity be passed along to the next generation?

A

No UNLIKE resistance

179
Q

To become a new medicine a series of trials are carried out

A

Preclinical - no tests on humans
Clinical - test on humans

180
Q

General sequence of events

A

Testing on animals (safe for humans)
Few healthy people (safe/obvious side effects)
Few patients (make sure it works)
Double blind (no bias) placebo test on many patients

181
Q

Double blind test

A

Neither researcher nor patient knows what they are testing for

182
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

Not infectious
Caused by interactions of many different factors

183
Q

Common non-communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Liver disease

184
Q

CVD

A

Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Stroke

185
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Narrow blood vessels ; if these become blocked then heart will not receive enough for aerobic respiration - fat deposit called an atheroma or a blood clot usually

186
Q

Hypertension

A

Raised blood pressure due to narrowing of an artery lumen or hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases

187
Q

Stroke

A

Part of the brain is deprived of oxygen-rich and glucose-rich blood ; narrowing and hardening of arteries supplying brain tissue leads to lack of blood

188
Q

Factors that increase risk of CVD

A

Lifestyle choices (can be modified) - diet, exercise, obesity, smoking, alcohol
Non-modifiable factors - gender, heredity and increasing age

189
Q

Life long medication with CVD

A

Statins - reduce cholesterol production which is a component of atheromas
Anti-coagulants - reduce the likelihood of blood clotting and thus blocking an artery
Anti-hypertensive drugs - cause blood vessels to relax so lumen diameter enlarges reducing blood pressure

190
Q

Surgical procedure CVD

A

Mesh tube to increase the lumen diameter so no restriction in the flow ; mesh known as a stent
Bypass - re-route blood around a blockage in the coronary artery

191
Q

Lifestyle change

A

Reduce smoking
More exercise
Balanced diet

192
Q

Individual

A

Single living organism

193
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of one species living and interacting in the same area

194
Q

Community

A

All of the populations of different species interacting with each other in an ecosystem

195
Q

Habitat

A

Place where an organism lives

196
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of organisms and their biotic abiotic component interacting together with their environment

197
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Oxygen/water availability, light intensity, ph, pollution, temperature, mineral ions

198
Q

Changes to abiotic factors

A

Affects food webs

199
Q

Biotic factors

A

Competition disease food supply predation

200
Q

Competition

A

Intraspecific and interspecific
Food, territory, mate - competitive exclusion principle

201
Q

Disease

A

Epidemics can reduce population size quickly (artificial too)

202
Q

Food supply

A

If food in short supply then an increase in deaths or increase in emigration to a new source

203
Q

Humans

A

Active predators - uncontrolled fishing to extinction
Predator prey cycles

204
Q

Birth rate>death rate

A

Population will grow

205
Q

Pollution

A

Can reduce oxygen available to a species or acid rain kills populations of trees

206
Q

Climate change

A

Corals bleach and die ; solubility of oxygen decreases too

207
Q

4 phases in population growth (sigmoid)

A

Lag phase - acclimatisation ; becomes mature and starts reproducing but very slowly
Log phase - no limiting factors - rapid breeding
Stationary phase - shortage of food or build up of toxic materials have an effect ; number of deaths = number of births
Death phase - lack of food, accumulation of toxins, disease, predators ; mortality rate higher than birth rate

208
Q

What causes population increase?

A

Better control of diseases /lower infant mortality rates

209
Q

Predation

A

Breeding rate may not be sufficient enough to replace those eaten

210
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

211
Q

Parasitism

A

One gains and the other is harmed

212
Q

Amount of biomass decreases at each trophic level

A

Move/respire/homeostasis/egestion/not even eaten - less energy going up the chain

213
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Uses up co2 to make carbon compounds - removes co2 from atmosphere - assimilated into bodes of consumers (through food chain)

214
Q

Respiration

A

Releases carbon dioxide back into atmosphere - if mass deforestation takes place there is an imbalance (leading to global warming etc)

215
Q

Decomposition

A

When organisms die they provide food for detritus feeders ; break down dead plants and animals through respiration to release energy (into atmosphere)
Organic molecules are then trapped and fossilised ; traps carbon for long time
Calcium carbonate shells trap carbon too

216
Q

Combustion

A

co2 into atmosphere ; small branches and foliage are brunt releasing more co2 into atmosphere

217
Q

Water cycle

A

Transpiration
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Osmosis
Excretion from animals

BMAT (7 decks)

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