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Daniel's MCAT Flashcards > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is a transformation?

A

Cellular uptake of foreign DNA directly into the enviornment

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2
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another through a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria)

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3
Q

What is conjugation?

A

the transfer of genetic information from one bacterial cell to another a direct contact

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4
Q

What are rod shaped bacteria called?

A

Baccili

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5
Q

What are spherical shaped viruses called?

A

Cocci

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6
Q

What are spiral bacteria called?

A

Spirrili

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7
Q

What are T tubules?

A

Transverse tubules are channels that bring depolarizing current close to the SR. The SR is smooth ER and is responsible for regulating Ca 2+

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8
Q

What is genetic leakage?

A

hybrid individuals can create some viable offspring when mated with their parental species.

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9
Q

What is the resting stage of the cell cycle?

A

G0

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10
Q

What is the pre-synthetic growth phase?

A

G1/S

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11
Q

What is the DNA replication phase of the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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12
Q

What is the DNA repair phase of the cell cycle?

A

G2 phase

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13
Q

What does DNA methylation do?

A

DNA methylation suppresses transcription factors

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14
Q

What is Northern blotting?

A

To detect a particular sequence of RNA

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15
Q

What is Southern blotting?

A

To detect a particular sequence of DNA

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16
Q

What are Kinesin motors?

A

Moves cargo along microtubules in anterograde transport (away from the body)

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17
Q

What are Dynein motors?

A

move cargo in a retrograde fashion on microtubules (toward cell bodies)

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18
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

To filter aged and damaged RBCs, store blood, help with immune responses

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19
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

mediate communication between cells

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20
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

prevent water and solutes from diffusing between cells

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21
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

provide tensile strength between cells by anchoring cytoskeleton

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22
Q

How do bacteria and archaea differ?

A

Bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall

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23
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
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24
Q

What is monocistronic?

A

the capacity of eukaryotes to code one gene per one mRNA, as opposed to prokaryotes which can code many genes on one mRNA

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25
Q

What is hybridization of RNA?

A

The process of binding with complementary nucleotides

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26
Q

What is a sympathetic motor neuron?

A

triggers a fight or flight response (pupil dilation)

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27
Q

What are parasympathetic motor neurons?

A

cause pupils to contract

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28
Q

What are sympathetic sensory neurons?

A

They carry electric current related to sensory info to the CNS

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29
Q

What enzymes (in order) are used to repair DNA?

A

endonuclease, polymerase, ligase

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30
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

SNS controls “fight or flight” responses and PSNS controls “rest and digest”

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31
Q

What does acetylcholine control (ACh)?

A

Helps with muscle contraction

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32
Q

What does acetylation of lysine in histones do to gene expression?

A

Increases gene expression because salt bridges and phosphate groups are disrupted.

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33
Q

What is histone acetylation and what does it do?

A

Histone acetylation generally increases gene expression.

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34
Q

What does DNA methylation do?

A

represses gene expression

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35
Q

Where do post-transcriptional modifications occur?

A

the nucleus

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36
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

noxious stimuli mediates the perception of pain.

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37
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

Involved with neurons that sense gases and liquids

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38
Q

What is a baroreceptor?

A

Responds to changes in presssure

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39
Q

Do bacteria have introns?

A

No

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40
Q

What does mitosis do?

A

Separates sister chromatids to create 2 diploid daughter cells

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41
Q

What does Meiosis I do?

A

Separates homologous pairs of chromosomes into 2 haploid daughter cells

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42
Q

What does Meiosis II do?

A

sister chromatids separate (just like mitosis) in each of the 2 daughter cells, creating 4 haploid cells

43
Q

If K>1 in then dG will be?

A

negative. dG = -RTln(K)

44
Q

If K<1 the dG will be?

A

positive. dG = -RTln(K)

45
Q

What is Western blotting?

A

gives us information about the amount of protein expressed in a cell

46
Q

What is RT-PCR?

A

gives us information about the amount of RNA expressed

47
Q

Does interaction and cooperative behavior increase or decrease as children get closer to the age of 8?

A

increase

48
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process of adopting a new culture once already socialized

49
Q

What is socialization?

A

the initial process of learning about life. internalizing the social norms and values

50
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

an enzyme that needs activated by another enzyme in order for it to act like one itself

51
Q

What is a native gel?

A

It is a gel that preserves protein structures unlike SDS-PAGE

52
Q

How does depolarization occur?

A

The gated sodium ion channels on the neuron’s membrane suddenly open and allow sodium ions (Na+) present outside the membrane to rush into the cell.

53
Q

How does repolarization work?

A

It is caused by the closing of sodium ion channels and the opening of potassium ion channels.

54
Q

What is the probability of nondisjunction?

A

0.08% (1/130)

55
Q

Are all electron carriers hydrophobic in the ETC?

A

No, cytochrome c is water soluble

56
Q

What happens during hyperventilation?

A

There is a loss of CO2 (increase in pH) and an increase of O2 in the blood

57
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A loss of O2 in the blood

58
Q

Where are 70s ribosome found and what do they do?

A

In prokaryotes and they produce proteins

59
Q

Where are 80s ribosomes found and what do they do?

A

In eukaryotes and they make proteins

60
Q

How are alveoli kept inflated during exhalation?

A

Superfactant decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse

61
Q

What does Ligase do during S-phase?

A

binds the lagging strand

62
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

repairs pieces of mis-regulated DNA

63
Q

What does helicase do?

A

It unwinds the double helical strand of DNA to START REPLICAITON

64
Q

What does primase do?

A

begins the synthesis of a new copied strand of DNA

65
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another.

66
Q

What is non-specific immunity?

A

includes anatomical barriers, secretory molecules, and cellular components.

67
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

present in the individual at birth, prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen, and that includes intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement.

68
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

69
Q

What do epithelial cells line?

A

gastrointestinal, glands, outer layers of the skin

70
Q

What do endothelial cells line?

A

line the interior of the cardiovascular system

71
Q

Where do hormones secreted by the pituitary gland come from?

A

the hypothalamus

72
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

Made up of glandular tissue. FLAT PEG. foccile, leucine, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone

73
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

Made up of axonal projections

Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

74
Q

What are the different muscle types and the main differences between them?

A
75
Q

What is cDNA and how is it synthesized?

A

It is DNA with no introns.

it is made from mRNA

76
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases blood Ca2+ levels

77
Q

What is an endosymbiotic bacteria?

A

It lives inside the nematodes: as a result, it can evade detection by the immune system

78
Q

What is gram negative bacteria?

A

resistant to multiple drugs and are increasingly resistant to most available antibiotics.

79
Q

What is gram positive bacteria?

A

Bacteria with thick cell walls. Lack an outer membrane

80
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments such as keratin are directly responsible for structural integrity in skin.

81
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

It causes an increase in heart rate and blood pumping from the heart

82
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Receives blood from the right atrium. Has thinner walls than the left ventricle to pump blood at a lower pressure to lungs

83
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Receives blood from the left atrium.

Has thicker walls to pump blood at a higher pressure to all body tissues except the lungs

84
Q

What is decreased pulmonary gas exchange vs normal?

A
85
Q

When do interstitial fluids build up?

A

When the blood (pulmonary) hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure

86
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A
87
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

DNA binding proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA

88
Q

How is filtration regulated in the glomerulus?

A

The glomerular capillary pressure will force filtrate from a capillary into Bowman’s capsule; the other two forces promote movement of the filtrate in the opposite direction.

89
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote replication

A

prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis (two diploid daughter cells) or meiosis (four haploid daughter cells), rather they undergo binary fission

90
Q

Which of the four types of tissue is not considered connective?

A

Muscle (blood, bone, and adipose are connective)

91
Q

How is apoptosis induced?

A

ROS cause Cytochrome C to leave the mitochondria and go to the cytosol. CYTOCHROME C activates CAPASE which activates PROTEOLYSIS (which degrades the cell)

92
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. The reaction takes place in the hepatocytes and the myocytes.

Regulated by phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase

93
Q

What cellular pathways occur in the cytosol?

A

glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and gluconeogenesis (PC and PEPCK in both the cytosol and mitochondria)

94
Q

What cellular pathways occur in mitochondria?

A

Citric Acid Cycle, Fatty acid oxidation

95
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

Lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles, is transported to the liver and converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is cyclically metabolized back to lactate.

96
Q

What are the different types of evolution?

A

Parallel: occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together at the same time in the same ecospace (DO NOT have the a RECENT common ancestor)

Divergent: species SHARING a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period

Convergent: the evolution in different lineages of structures that are similar or ‘analogous’, but that CANNOT be attributed to the existence of a common ancestor;

97
Q

What is the adrenal medulla and what does it do?

A

controls flight or fight hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine) a part of the sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

How is cortisol generated?

A
99
Q

Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

A

The lytic cycle relies on the host (will eventually burst) to replicate and release viral progeny

The lysogenic cycle also uses the host but bacteriophages will inject their DNA into the genome of the bacteria and become dormant, allowing the host to replicate for the virus.

100
Q

What kinds of nucleic acids can form the genome of a virus?

A

Single stranded RNA, single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA

101
Q

What kind of DNA does mitochondria have?

A

circular chromosome of double stranded, self replicating DNA

102
Q

What are microtubules composed of and what can they do?

A

Tubulin, cilia + flagella

103
Q

What is the difference between conjugation, transformation, and transduction?

A

Conjugation: transfer of genetic material through direct contact (sexual mating btwn bacteria)

Transformation: horizontal gene transfer by which bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment

Transduction: transfer of genetic material through a vector (bacteriophage)

104
Q

What is the difference between single stranded positive and negative sense RNA?

A

Positive: Can be translated directly into protein by the host cell

Negative: Needs a complementary strand to be synthesized by RNA helicase

Daniel's MCAT Flashcards (7 decks)

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