BIO 115 H Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
autosomes
A
non-sex chromosomes
2
Q
pseudo
A
false
3
Q
pseudoautosomal region
A
chromosomes are so close that they will move together and line up @ metaphase plate
4
Q
sex limited
A
only in one sex
5
Q
sex linked
A
traits that are linked together becasue males have only one x chromosome where females have naother X to counteract the recessive X allele
6
Q
sex influenced
A
autosomal traits influenecd by sex, if a male has one recessive trait phenotype will show, but females need 2 recessive triats to show
7
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
sex determination does not vary among animals and plants
A
FALSE, it does
8
Q
codominance
A
relationship between two genes
9
Q
incomplete dominance
A
results from a cross in which neither parent generation is over another, and the child generation becomes a mixture of both
10
Q
codominance
A
traits with 3 of more alleles where at least 2 are dominant
11
Q
ex:ABO blood groups in humans
A
codominance
12
Q
pleiotropy
A
loss of one function results in multiple problems
13
Q
norm of reaction
A
environment can impact gene expression
14
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
individuals with the same genotype exhibit different pheotypes defending on conditions
A
true
15
Q
the key mechanism by which evoltuion occurs
A
natural selction
16
Q
what does evoltuion come down too
A
reproductive success
17
Q
heterozygote advantage
A
environmental presusre acts on reproductive success such that the heterozygous state is more successful than either homozygous state
18
Q
selecrive pressure
A
any environmanetal condition that is impacting repproductive success
19
Q
predator-prey relationships
A
example of biotic factors
20
Q
arranged species are based on
A
complexity
21
Q
developed binomial naming system adn grouped organisms into more and more inclusive groups of homosapiens
A
Linnaeus
22
Q
believe species were fixed
A
Aristotle
23
Q
said organisms appear and dissappear in strata
A
Cuvier
24
Q
theory of gradualism
A
Hutton
25
same geological processes today as throughout
Lyell
26
living things canging over time
evolution
27
who concluded the Earth is older than a few thousand years old
Darwin
28
defintion of Inheritance of acquired charactierists
traits acquired over one's lifetime can be passed to offspring
29
"striving or desiring"
Lamarchian
30
who coined descent with modificatioin
Darwin
31
Patterns observed with related species
Descent with modification
32
morphology
patterns in dna forming over time
33
characterstics shared thorugh common ancestry
homologous
34
similar strucutres can change over time due to?
environmental pressures
35
what are charactersitsics that serve similar fucntions due to
different adaptation/modifications
36
may look alike, but due to similar selective pressure, not shared ancestry
analogous traits
37
how analogous traits emergy thorugh different patters
convergent evoltuion
38
structure grouped by common ancestary
philogentic tree
39
artifical selection
selecting for certian traits to increase traits in subsequent genreration
40
1st big observation of evolution
members of a population often vary in inherited traits
41
2nd big observation
all species can produce more offspring than teh environment can support, and many of these offspring will fail to survive and repoducce
42
True or False
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probality of survigin and reporudcing in a given environemnt tend to leave less offspring than the other
False, tend to leave more offspring
43
what will lead to athe accumulation of favorable traits in the populations over generations
unequal ability of individuals to survive adn reproduce
44
when does evolution occurr
when alle frequencies change
45
rates of change vary by...
species
46
based on differential reproductive success
natural selection
47
waht does it mean to be more fit
more susceptible for reproduction
48
what is the main part of survival of the fittest
reproduction
49
evolutionary arms race
always going to be competing selective pressures
50
typically due to dramatic chagne in population size
genetic drift
51
founder effect
few individuals form populaiton that get moved to a different environment
52
bottleneck effect
usually natural disaster and whoever randomly survives will come on top
53
gene flow
movement of alles between populations
54
smallest unit of evoltuion
population
55
how allele frequencies change
natural selction, genetic drift, gene flow
56
how big ggentic changes occurr
gene duplication and dna reaaragments
57
used to test if a population is evolving due to selection of a specific loss
hardy-weingberg equation
58
no evoltuion=
no slective pressure
59
what to look at to see if population is evolving
allele frequences of speicifc gene
60
5 things a population has to be to be at H-W equlibirum
no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow
61
p=
dominant
62
q=
recessive
63
2pq
heterozygous
64
disease traits are
heterozygous
65
proposed by darwin as a mechinaism to explain sexual dimorphism observed in many speices
sexual selection
66
intra
within
67
intrasexual selection
male against male or female agaisnt female to get a mate
68
inter
between
69
intersexual selection
choosing with mate will be the most sucessful(ex:dancing speider)
70
mate-choice adaptationis are in this type of selctive pressure
intersecual
71
directional selection
change in the average of the popultion in 1 direction or another(phenotype changes, but diversity stays the same)
72
during what selection do allele frequences chagne rapidly
directional selection
73
disruptive selection
extreme values are being favored(extremes of populations usually survive)
74
what type of slection resutls in bimodial distrubution
disruptive selection
75
stabilizing selection
aveage does not change, but variation in population narrows(2 extremes piushing toward narrower0
76
during what type of slection is there less varition and the shift does not curve
stabilizing selection
77
are phylogenetic species concept, morphological species concept, and the ecological species concepts asexual or sexual
asexual since its reproductive isolation
78
biolgical speices concept
reproductive barrries
79
fertilization
isolation occurring before or after zygote is formed
80
pre fertilization
before zygote forms
81
psot fertilization
after zygote forms
82
temporal fertilziation
time
83
gametic fertilization
have to have right receptors on a cell to allow for fertilization
84
mechincal fetilization
genitles formed in different areas(one clockwise vs one counterclockwise)
85
what is phylogenetic speices concept rooted in
evoltuionary history
86
what is phylogentic speicies concept dependeent on
bacterial DNA similarities and barcodes
87
what are barcodes
sets of genes that are similar on bacteria
88
2 new populations that must evolve in a way that makes it impossible for indiviudal from 2 new populations to interbreed
speciation
89
what can speication occur due to
changes in evolution and allele frequences in populations
90
populaitons are typically geographically isolated
allopatric speciation
91
speciation occuring within same area due to other behavior or tempoal changes
sympatric speciation
92
autopolyploidy
many copies
93
nondisjuction
failure of seperation of homologu chormomes in mitosis resulting in abornal distribution of chormomes (results in diploid 4n speices)
94
diplo
other
95
how many genetic changes are required to be considered speication
2
96
does fertilization have speciifc features
yes
97
waht are teh 2 modles of tempo of speciation
periods of rapid ahgne followed by periods of stasis, small changes over long periods of time
98
ecology
scientific study of interaactions fo organisms and their environment
99
which factors can act in a global fashio
abiotic factors
100
groupd of indiviudals of a single species libing in the same gernal area
population
101
community
collection of living things ina defined area
102
population density
of indiviudals per unit area of volume
103
population dispersion
provides info on environamelt and social inteactions
104
no different climates=
no diversity
105
True or False
reproductive success may drop in large movements of small molecules
true
106
what are ecolgy, genetics, and evolution all connect thorugh
dna, mutation, reproductive success
107
similar selective pressures within a population changes can occurr by
birth, death, immigration, emmigration
108
density independent
random changes in populations but individual fitness doesn't determine surviving intial event(natural desaster)
109
why do we want to know population distribution
to predict where speices are moving
110
3 types of population dispersion
strength in numbers, uniform, random
111
strnegth in numbers
clumped
112
uniform
competition or territorial nature
113
random
no strong relationship among the individuals of the population
114
vital statics of a populaiton and how they change
population demographics
115
type 1 survivorship curve
stable and then hit point and dramatic increase in death(humans)
116
type 2 survivoship curve
constant, stable death(animals)
117
type 3 survivoship curve
early onset death, early and if you make it to certain age your good(trees)
118
type 1 survivorship surve is due to
intense parental environemnt
119
critical component of thoery of evoltion is
reprodcutive success
120
to determine if a species is successful...
knowhow long species havae been in environment, adaptaion, natural selection, reproductive success
121
population increase under idealized conditions, rate is constant, biggerr impact with larger populations(J shaped curve(growth rate doesn't change no matter if it reaches carrying capactiy)
exponenetial growth
122
population grows more slowly as it reaches carrying capacity(S shpaed curve)
logistic growth
123
carrying capacity
maximum popultion size the enviornment can support
124
K chnages depending on
abiotic environment
125
when N is small compared to K...
the per capita rate of increase approcahes the max
126
when N is large compared to K...
the per paita rate of increase is small
127
when N =K...
populationi stops growing
128
for every organisms dying, 1 being born
logsitic growth (n=K)
129
what factors impact population growth
food,space, density dependent, and independent factors
130
semelparous
1 time offspring from life cycle
131
iteroparous
multiple reproduction through organisms lifetime
132
K-selection
(density dependent) selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
133
R-selection
(density independent) selects for life history triats that maximize reproduction
134
pros &cons to each trait
abiotic/biotic environment imposes selective pressure
135
products of natural selection are reflected in
the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism
136
timing, development, survival, age of reproduction, frequency of reproduction, # of offspring produced each time
life history traits
137
community
all of the living organisms in a defined area community ecologists study the interactions among these organisms
138
species interaction
competition(-/-), predation(+/-), mutalisms(+/+), paratsitism(+/-), commensalism(+/0), facilitation(+/+) or (0/+)
139
ecological niche
is a speices role in that ecosytem
140
2 species cannot occupy the same ....
niche
141
resource partitioning
similar species occupy different niches in a community
142
diversity of life
interactions between pseices serve as driver of natural selection
143
ecosystems
includes all of the living organisms in a specific area and the abiotic factors with which they interact
144
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or tranasformed
145
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy transfers will increase entropy
146
entropy
choas, disorder
147
most abundant elements
C,H,O,N,P,S
148
humans are ..... based
carbon
149
plants get .... from the atmostphere to start the nutients cycle
carbon
150
there is a ..... way flow of energy
one
151
primary producers
plants
152
primary consumers
animals
153
secondary and tertiary consumers
humans
154
detrius
dead materials
155
primary production
the transformation fo the first biologically avaible energy
156
gross primary production
measurement of the conversion of sunlight or inorgani chmcials to chemical energy or organic molecules per unit
157
net primary production
GPP minues E used by primary producers
158
what does a similar temperature mean
greater bio mass, diversity, higher carbon
159
limiting factors of production
light, nutrient, temperature, humidity
160
huans get most of enrgy thorugh
msotly food, some atomostpher
161
plants get fixed nitrogen from
soil
162
eukaryotes or prokaryotes cannot make organic nitrogen from inorganic nitrogen
eukaryotes
163
what percent of enegy is transfered between tophic levels
10%
164
production of ATTO is from
glycolosis
165
phyt
plant
166
plankton
suspended in water
167
zoo
consumer or animal
168
troph
feed
169
autotroph
producer
170
heterotroph
consumer
171
are communities with more diversity more stbale or less stable
more stable
172
pros of more bio diversity
more biomass, and greater chance can recover better from environmental stress
173
what are the two components of species diversity
species richness, relative abundance
174
species richness
hwo many total species
175
relative abundance
how many of each speices
176
what are the most abundant organisms
insects(named species)bacteraia(estimated)
177
organisms feed at
different levels
178
kestone species
play pitvotal ecological roles in a communtiy, not necessarilyu abundanat in the community (when species is moved theres a dramatic shift)
179
epistasis
alles of one gene impact pheotype expression of another gene
180
gene mapping
distance between map units(5 of cross over events)
181
nonrecombinant gene
more than 50%
182
recombinant gene
less than 50%
183
pheotype depends on...
which parent contributed egg or sperm
184
3 domains of life
archaea, eukarya, bacteria
185
mutations are ...
random
186
natural selectioni is..
not random
187
evoltuion occurrs at ... level
population
188
natrual selectioni acts on....
individuals
189
blank is nto goal oriented
evolution
