BIO 115 H Exam 2 Flashcards
autosomes
non-sex chromosomes
pseudo
false
pseudoautosomal region
chromosomes are so close that they will move together and line up @ metaphase plate
sex limited
only in one sex
sex linked
traits that are linked together becasue males have only one x chromosome where females have naother X to counteract the recessive X allele
sex influenced
autosomal traits influenecd by sex, if a male has one recessive trait phenotype will show, but females need 2 recessive triats to show
TRUE OR FALSE
sex determination does not vary among animals and plants
FALSE, it does
codominance
relationship between two genes
incomplete dominance
results from a cross in which neither parent generation is over another, and the child generation becomes a mixture of both
codominance
traits with 3 of more alleles where at least 2 are dominant
ex:ABO blood groups in humans
codominance
pleiotropy
loss of one function results in multiple problems
norm of reaction
environment can impact gene expression
TRUE OR FALSE
individuals with the same genotype exhibit different pheotypes defending on conditions
true
the key mechanism by which evoltuion occurs
natural selction
what does evoltuion come down too
reproductive success
heterozygote advantage
environmental presusre acts on reproductive success such that the heterozygous state is more successful than either homozygous state
selecrive pressure
any environmanetal condition that is impacting repproductive success
predator-prey relationships
example of biotic factors
arranged species are based on
complexity
developed binomial naming system adn grouped organisms into more and more inclusive groups of homosapiens
Linnaeus
believe species were fixed
Aristotle
said organisms appear and dissappear in strata
Cuvier
theory of gradualism
Hutton
same geological processes today as throughout
Lyell
living things canging over time
evolution
who concluded the Earth is older than a few thousand years old
Darwin
defintion of Inheritance of acquired charactierists
traits acquired over one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring
“striving or desiring”
Lamarchian
who coined descent with modificatioin
Darwin
Patterns observed with related species
Descent with modification
morphology
patterns in dna forming over time
characterstics shared thorugh common ancestry
homologous
similar strucutres can change over time due to?
environmental pressures
what are charactersitsics that serve similar fucntions due to
different adaptation/modifications
may look alike, but due to similar selective pressure, not shared ancestry
analogous traits
how analogous traits emergy thorugh different patters
convergent evoltuion
structure grouped by common ancestary
philogentic tree
artifical selection
selecting for certian traits to increase traits in subsequent genreration
1st big observation of evolution
members of a population often vary in inherited traits
2nd big observation
all species can produce more offspring than teh environment can support, and many of these offspring will fail to survive and repoducce
True or False
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probality of survigin and reporudcing in a given environemnt tend to leave less offspring than the other
False, tend to leave more offspring
what will lead to athe accumulation of favorable traits in the populations over generations
unequal ability of individuals to survive adn reproduce
when does evolution occurr
when alle frequencies change
rates of change vary by…
species
based on differential reproductive success
natural selection
waht does it mean to be more fit
more susceptible for reproduction
what is the main part of survival of the fittest
reproduction
evolutionary arms race
always going to be competing selective pressures
typically due to dramatic chagne in population size
genetic drift
founder effect
few individuals form populaiton that get moved to a different environment
bottleneck effect
usually natural disaster and whoever randomly survives will come on top
gene flow
movement of alles between populations
smallest unit of evoltuion
population
how allele frequencies change
natural selction, genetic drift, gene flow
how big ggentic changes occurr
gene duplication and dna reaaragments
used to test if a population is evolving due to selection of a specific loss
hardy-weingberg equation
no evoltuion=
no slective pressure
what to look at to see if population is evolving
allele frequences of speicifc gene
5 things a population has to be to be at H-W equlibirum
no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow
p=
dominant
q=
recessive
2pq
heterozygous
disease traits are
heterozygous
proposed by darwin as a mechinaism to explain sexual dimorphism observed in many speices
sexual selection
intra
within
intrasexual selection
male against male or female agaisnt female to get a mate
inter
between
intersexual selection
choosing with mate will be the most sucessful(ex:dancing speider)
mate-choice adaptationis are in this type of selctive pressure
intersecual
directional selection
change in the average of the popultion in 1 direction or another(phenotype changes, but diversity stays the same)
during what selection do allele frequences chagne rapidly
directional selection
disruptive selection
extreme values are being favored(extremes of populations usually survive)
what type of slection resutls in bimodial distrubution
disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
aveage does not change, but variation in population narrows(2 extremes piushing toward narrower0
during what type of slection is there less varition and the shift does not curve
stabilizing selection
are phylogenetic species concept, morphological species concept, and the ecological species concepts asexual or sexual
asexual since its reproductive isolation
biolgical speices concept
reproductive barrries
fertilization
isolation occurring before or after zygote is formed
pre fertilization
before zygote forms
psot fertilization
after zygote forms
temporal fertilziation
time
gametic fertilization
have to have right receptors on a cell to allow for fertilization
mechincal fetilization
genitles formed in different areas(one clockwise vs one counterclockwise)
what is phylogenetic speices concept rooted in
evoltuionary history
what is phylogentic speicies concept dependeent on
bacterial DNA similarities and barcodes
what are barcodes
sets of genes that are similar on bacteria
2 new populations that must evolve in a way that makes it impossible for indiviudal from 2 new populations to interbreed
speciation
what can speication occur due to
changes in evolution and allele frequences in populations
populaitons are typically geographically isolated
allopatric speciation
speciation occuring within same area due to other behavior or tempoal changes
sympatric speciation
autopolyploidy
many copies
nondisjuction
failure of seperation of homologu chormomes in mitosis resulting in abornal distribution of chormomes (results in diploid 4n speices)
diplo
other
how many genetic changes are required to be considered speication
2
does fertilization have speciifc features
yes
waht are teh 2 modles of tempo of speciation
periods of rapid ahgne followed by periods of stasis, small changes over long periods of time
ecology
scientific study of interaactions fo organisms and their environment
which factors can act in a global fashio
abiotic factors
groupd of indiviudals of a single species libing in the same gernal area
population
community
collection of living things ina defined area
population density
of indiviudals per unit area of volume
population dispersion
provides info on environamelt and social inteactions
no different climates=
no diversity
True or False
reproductive success may drop in large movements of small molecules
true
what are ecolgy, genetics, and evolution all connect thorugh
dna, mutation, reproductive success
similar selective pressures within a population changes can occurr by
birth, death, immigration, emmigration
density independent
random changes in populations but individual fitness doesn’t determine surviving intial event(natural desaster)
why do we want to know population distribution
to predict where speices are moving
3 types of population dispersion
strength in numbers, uniform, random
strnegth in numbers
clumped
uniform
competition or territorial nature
random
no strong relationship among the individuals of the population
vital statics of a populaiton and how they change
population demographics
type 1 survivorship curve
stable and then hit point and dramatic increase in death(humans)
type 2 survivoship curve
constant, stable death(animals)
type 3 survivoship curve
early onset death, early and if you make it to certain age your good(trees)
type 1 survivorship surve is due to
intense parental environemnt
critical component of thoery of evoltion is
reprodcutive success
to determine if a species is successful…
knowhow long species havae been in environment, adaptaion, natural selection, reproductive success
population increase under idealized conditions, rate is constant, biggerr impact with larger populations(J shaped curve(growth rate doesn’t change no matter if it reaches carrying capactiy)
exponenetial growth
population grows more slowly as it reaches carrying capacity(S shpaed curve)
logistic growth
carrying capacity
maximum popultion size the enviornment can support
K chnages depending on
abiotic environment
when N is small compared to K…
the per capita rate of increase approcahes the max
when N is large compared to K…
the per paita rate of increase is small
when N =K…
populationi stops growing
for every organisms dying, 1 being born
logsitic growth (n=K)
what factors impact population growth
food,space, density dependent, and independent factors
semelparous
1 time offspring from life cycle
iteroparous
multiple reproduction through organisms lifetime
K-selection
(density dependent) selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
R-selection
(density independent) selects for life history triats that maximize reproduction
pros &cons to each trait
abiotic/biotic environment imposes selective pressure
products of natural selection are reflected in
the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism
timing, development, survival, age of reproduction, frequency of reproduction, # of offspring produced each time
life history traits
community
all of the living organisms in a defined area community ecologists study the interactions among these organisms
species interaction
competition(-/-), predation(+/-), mutalisms(+/+), paratsitism(+/-), commensalism(+/0), facilitation(+/+) or (0/+)
ecological niche
is a speices role in that ecosytem
2 species cannot occupy the same ….
niche
resource partitioning
similar species occupy different niches in a community
diversity of life
interactions between pseices serve as driver of natural selection
ecosystems
includes all of the living organisms in a specific area and the abiotic factors with which they interact
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or tranasformed
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy transfers will increase entropy
entropy
choas, disorder
most abundant elements
C,H,O,N,P,S
humans are ….. based
carbon
plants get …. from the atmostphere to start the nutients cycle
carbon
there is a ….. way flow of energy
one
primary producers
plants
primary consumers
animals
secondary and tertiary consumers
humans
detrius
dead materials
primary production
the transformation fo the first biologically avaible energy
gross primary production
measurement of the conversion of sunlight or inorgani chmcials to chemical energy or organic molecules per unit
net primary production
GPP minues E used by primary producers
what does a similar temperature mean
greater bio mass, diversity, higher carbon
limiting factors of production
light, nutrient, temperature, humidity
huans get most of enrgy thorugh
msotly food, some atomostpher
plants get fixed nitrogen from
soil
eukaryotes or prokaryotes cannot make organic nitrogen from inorganic nitrogen
eukaryotes
what percent of enegy is transfered between tophic levels
10%
production of ATTO is from
glycolosis
phyt
plant
plankton
suspended in water
zoo
consumer or animal
troph
feed
autotroph
producer
heterotroph
consumer
are communities with more diversity more stbale or less stable
more stable
pros of more bio diversity
more biomass, and greater chance can recover better from environmental stress
what are the two components of species diversity
species richness, relative abundance
species richness
hwo many total species
relative abundance
how many of each speices
what are the most abundant organisms
insects(named species)bacteraia(estimated)
organisms feed at
different levels
kestone species
play pitvotal ecological roles in a communtiy, not necessarilyu abundanat in the community (when species is moved theres a dramatic shift)
epistasis
alles of one gene impact pheotype expression of another gene
gene mapping
distance between map units(5 of cross over events)
nonrecombinant gene
more than 50%
recombinant gene
less than 50%
pheotype depends on…
which parent contributed egg or sperm
3 domains of life
archaea, eukarya, bacteria
mutations are …
random
natural selectioni is..
not random
evoltuion occurrs at … level
population
natrual selectioni acts on….
individuals
blank is nto goal oriented
evolution
