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BIO 115 H > BIO 115 H Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 115 H Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

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2
Q

pseudo

A

false

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3
Q

pseudoautosomal region

A

chromosomes are so close that they will move together and line up @ metaphase plate

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4
Q

sex limited

A

only in one sex

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5
Q

sex linked

A

traits that are linked together becasue males have only one x chromosome where females have naother X to counteract the recessive X allele

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6
Q

sex influenced

A

autosomal traits influenecd by sex, if a male has one recessive trait phenotype will show, but females need 2 recessive triats to show

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

sex determination does not vary among animals and plants

A

FALSE, it does

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8
Q

codominance

A

relationship between two genes

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9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

results from a cross in which neither parent generation is over another, and the child generation becomes a mixture of both

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10
Q

codominance

A

traits with 3 of more alleles where at least 2 are dominant

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11
Q

ex:ABO blood groups in humans

A

codominance

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12
Q

pleiotropy

A

loss of one function results in multiple problems

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13
Q

norm of reaction

A

environment can impact gene expression

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

individuals with the same genotype exhibit different pheotypes defending on conditions

A

true

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15
Q

the key mechanism by which evoltuion occurs

A

natural selction

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16
Q

what does evoltuion come down too

A

reproductive success

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17
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

environmental presusre acts on reproductive success such that the heterozygous state is more successful than either homozygous state

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18
Q

selecrive pressure

A

any environmanetal condition that is impacting repproductive success

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19
Q

predator-prey relationships

A

example of biotic factors

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20
Q

arranged species are based on

A

complexity

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21
Q

developed binomial naming system adn grouped organisms into more and more inclusive groups of homosapiens

A

Linnaeus

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22
Q

believe species were fixed

A

Aristotle

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23
Q

said organisms appear and dissappear in strata

A

Cuvier

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24
Q

theory of gradualism

A

Hutton

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25
Q

same geological processes today as throughout

A

Lyell

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26
Q

living things canging over time

A

evolution

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27
Q

who concluded the Earth is older than a few thousand years old

A

Darwin

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28
Q

defintion of Inheritance of acquired charactierists

A

traits acquired over one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring

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29
Q

“striving or desiring”

A

Lamarchian

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30
Q

who coined descent with modificatioin

A

Darwin

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31
Q

Patterns observed with related species

A

Descent with modification

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32
Q

morphology

A

patterns in dna forming over time

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33
Q

characterstics shared thorugh common ancestry

A

homologous

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34
Q

similar strucutres can change over time due to?

A

environmental pressures

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35
Q

what are charactersitsics that serve similar fucntions due to

A

different adaptation/modifications

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36
Q

may look alike, but due to similar selective pressure, not shared ancestry

A

analogous traits

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37
Q

how analogous traits emergy thorugh different patters

A

convergent evoltuion

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38
Q

structure grouped by common ancestary

A

philogentic tree

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39
Q

artifical selection

A

selecting for certian traits to increase traits in subsequent genreration

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40
Q

1st big observation of evolution

A

members of a population often vary in inherited traits

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41
Q

2nd big observation

A

all species can produce more offspring than teh environment can support, and many of these offspring will fail to survive and repoducce

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42
Q

True or False
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probality of survigin and reporudcing in a given environemnt tend to leave less offspring than the other

A

False, tend to leave more offspring

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43
Q

what will lead to athe accumulation of favorable traits in the populations over generations

A

unequal ability of individuals to survive adn reproduce

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44
Q

when does evolution occurr

A

when alle frequencies change

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45
Q

rates of change vary by…

A

species

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46
Q

based on differential reproductive success

A

natural selection

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47
Q

waht does it mean to be more fit

A

more susceptible for reproduction

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48
Q

what is the main part of survival of the fittest

A

reproduction

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49
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

always going to be competing selective pressures

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50
Q

typically due to dramatic chagne in population size

A

genetic drift

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51
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals form populaiton that get moved to a different environment

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52
Q

bottleneck effect

A

usually natural disaster and whoever randomly survives will come on top

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53
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alles between populations

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54
Q

smallest unit of evoltuion

A

population

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55
Q

how allele frequencies change

A

natural selction, genetic drift, gene flow

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56
Q

how big ggentic changes occurr

A

gene duplication and dna reaaragments

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57
Q

used to test if a population is evolving due to selection of a specific loss

A

hardy-weingberg equation

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58
Q

no evoltuion=

A

no slective pressure

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59
Q

what to look at to see if population is evolving

A

allele frequences of speicifc gene

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60
Q

5 things a population has to be to be at H-W equlibirum

A

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow

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61
Q

p=

A

dominant

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62
Q

q=

A

recessive

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63
Q

2pq

A

heterozygous

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64
Q

disease traits are

A

heterozygous

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65
Q

proposed by darwin as a mechinaism to explain sexual dimorphism observed in many speices

A

sexual selection

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66
Q

intra

A

within

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67
Q

intrasexual selection

A

male against male or female agaisnt female to get a mate

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68
Q

inter

A

between

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69
Q

intersexual selection

A

choosing with mate will be the most sucessful(ex:dancing speider)

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70
Q

mate-choice adaptationis are in this type of selctive pressure

A

intersecual

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71
Q

directional selection

A

change in the average of the popultion in 1 direction or another(phenotype changes, but diversity stays the same)

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72
Q

during what selection do allele frequences chagne rapidly

A

directional selection

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73
Q

disruptive selection

A

extreme values are being favored(extremes of populations usually survive)

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74
Q

what type of slection resutls in bimodial distrubution

A

disruptive selection

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75
Q

stabilizing selection

A

aveage does not change, but variation in population narrows(2 extremes piushing toward narrower0

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76
Q

during what type of slection is there less varition and the shift does not curve

A

stabilizing selection

77
Q

are phylogenetic species concept, morphological species concept, and the ecological species concepts asexual or sexual

A

asexual since its reproductive isolation

78
Q

biolgical speices concept

A

reproductive barrries

79
Q

fertilization

A

isolation occurring before or after zygote is formed

80
Q

pre fertilization

A

before zygote forms

81
Q

psot fertilization

A

after zygote forms

82
Q

temporal fertilziation

A

time

83
Q

gametic fertilization

A

have to have right receptors on a cell to allow for fertilization

84
Q

mechincal fetilization

A

genitles formed in different areas(one clockwise vs one counterclockwise)

85
Q

what is phylogenetic speices concept rooted in

A

evoltuionary history

86
Q

what is phylogentic speicies concept dependeent on

A

bacterial DNA similarities and barcodes

87
Q

what are barcodes

A

sets of genes that are similar on bacteria

88
Q

2 new populations that must evolve in a way that makes it impossible for indiviudal from 2 new populations to interbreed

A

speciation

89
Q

what can speication occur due to

A

changes in evolution and allele frequences in populations

90
Q

populaitons are typically geographically isolated

A

allopatric speciation

91
Q

speciation occuring within same area due to other behavior or tempoal changes

A

sympatric speciation

92
Q

autopolyploidy

A

many copies

93
Q

nondisjuction

A

failure of seperation of homologu chormomes in mitosis resulting in abornal distribution of chormomes (results in diploid 4n speices)

94
Q

diplo

A

other

95
Q

how many genetic changes are required to be considered speication

A

2

96
Q

does fertilization have speciifc features

A

yes

97
Q

waht are teh 2 modles of tempo of speciation

A

periods of rapid ahgne followed by periods of stasis, small changes over long periods of time

98
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of interaactions fo organisms and their environment

99
Q

which factors can act in a global fashio

A

abiotic factors

100
Q

groupd of indiviudals of a single species libing in the same gernal area

A

population

101
Q

community

A

collection of living things ina defined area

102
Q

population density

A

of indiviudals per unit area of volume

103
Q

population dispersion

A

provides info on environamelt and social inteactions

104
Q

no different climates=

A

no diversity

105
Q

True or False

reproductive success may drop in large movements of small molecules

A

true

106
Q

what are ecolgy, genetics, and evolution all connect thorugh

A

dna, mutation, reproductive success

107
Q

similar selective pressures within a population changes can occurr by

A

birth, death, immigration, emmigration

108
Q

density independent

A

random changes in populations but individual fitness doesn’t determine surviving intial event(natural desaster)

109
Q

why do we want to know population distribution

A

to predict where speices are moving

110
Q

3 types of population dispersion

A

strength in numbers, uniform, random

111
Q

strnegth in numbers

A

clumped

112
Q

uniform

A

competition or territorial nature

113
Q

random

A

no strong relationship among the individuals of the population

114
Q

vital statics of a populaiton and how they change

A

population demographics

115
Q

type 1 survivorship curve

A

stable and then hit point and dramatic increase in death(humans)

116
Q

type 2 survivoship curve

A

constant, stable death(animals)

117
Q

type 3 survivoship curve

A

early onset death, early and if you make it to certain age your good(trees)

118
Q

type 1 survivorship surve is due to

A

intense parental environemnt

119
Q

critical component of thoery of evoltion is

A

reprodcutive success

120
Q

to determine if a species is successful…

A

knowhow long species havae been in environment, adaptaion, natural selection, reproductive success

121
Q

population increase under idealized conditions, rate is constant, biggerr impact with larger populations(J shaped curve(growth rate doesn’t change no matter if it reaches carrying capactiy)

A

exponenetial growth

122
Q

population grows more slowly as it reaches carrying capacity(S shpaed curve)

A

logistic growth

123
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum popultion size the enviornment can support

124
Q

K chnages depending on

A

abiotic environment

125
Q

when N is small compared to K…

A

the per capita rate of increase approcahes the max

126
Q

when N is large compared to K…

A

the per paita rate of increase is small

127
Q

when N =K…

A

populationi stops growing

128
Q

for every organisms dying, 1 being born

A

logsitic growth (n=K)

129
Q

what factors impact population growth

A

food,space, density dependent, and independent factors

130
Q

semelparous

A

1 time offspring from life cycle

131
Q

iteroparous

A

multiple reproduction through organisms lifetime

132
Q

K-selection

A

(density dependent) selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

133
Q

R-selection

A

(density independent) selects for life history triats that maximize reproduction

134
Q

pros &cons to each trait

A

abiotic/biotic environment imposes selective pressure

135
Q

products of natural selection are reflected in

A

the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism

136
Q

timing, development, survival, age of reproduction, frequency of reproduction, # of offspring produced each time

A

life history traits

137
Q

community

A

all of the living organisms in a defined area community ecologists study the interactions among these organisms

138
Q

species interaction

A

competition(-/-), predation(+/-), mutalisms(+/+), paratsitism(+/-), commensalism(+/0), facilitation(+/+) or (0/+)

139
Q

ecological niche

A

is a speices role in that ecosytem

140
Q

2 species cannot occupy the same ….

A

niche

141
Q

resource partitioning

A

similar species occupy different niches in a community

142
Q

diversity of life

A

interactions between pseices serve as driver of natural selection

143
Q

ecosystems

A

includes all of the living organisms in a specific area and the abiotic factors with which they interact

144
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or tranasformed

145
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy transfers will increase entropy

146
Q

entropy

A

choas, disorder

147
Q

most abundant elements

A

C,H,O,N,P,S

148
Q

humans are ….. based

A

carbon

149
Q

plants get …. from the atmostphere to start the nutients cycle

A

carbon

150
Q

there is a ….. way flow of energy

A

one

151
Q

primary producers

A

plants

152
Q

primary consumers

A

animals

153
Q

secondary and tertiary consumers

A

humans

154
Q

detrius

A

dead materials

155
Q

primary production

A

the transformation fo the first biologically avaible energy

156
Q

gross primary production

A

measurement of the conversion of sunlight or inorgani chmcials to chemical energy or organic molecules per unit

157
Q

net primary production

A

GPP minues E used by primary producers

158
Q

what does a similar temperature mean

A

greater bio mass, diversity, higher carbon

159
Q

limiting factors of production

A

light, nutrient, temperature, humidity

160
Q

huans get most of enrgy thorugh

A

msotly food, some atomostpher

161
Q

plants get fixed nitrogen from

A

soil

162
Q

eukaryotes or prokaryotes cannot make organic nitrogen from inorganic nitrogen

A

eukaryotes

163
Q

what percent of enegy is transfered between tophic levels

A

10%

164
Q

production of ATTO is from

A

glycolosis

165
Q

phyt

A

plant

166
Q

plankton

A

suspended in water

167
Q

zoo

A

consumer or animal

168
Q

troph

A

feed

169
Q

autotroph

A

producer

170
Q

heterotroph

A

consumer

171
Q

are communities with more diversity more stbale or less stable

A

more stable

172
Q

pros of more bio diversity

A

more biomass, and greater chance can recover better from environmental stress

173
Q

what are the two components of species diversity

A

species richness, relative abundance

174
Q

species richness

A

hwo many total species

175
Q

relative abundance

A

how many of each speices

176
Q

what are the most abundant organisms

A

insects(named species)bacteraia(estimated)

177
Q

organisms feed at

A

different levels

178
Q

kestone species

A

play pitvotal ecological roles in a communtiy, not necessarilyu abundanat in the community (when species is moved theres a dramatic shift)

179
Q

epistasis

A

alles of one gene impact pheotype expression of another gene

180
Q

gene mapping

A

distance between map units(5 of cross over events)

181
Q

nonrecombinant gene

A

more than 50%

182
Q

recombinant gene

A

less than 50%

183
Q

pheotype depends on…

A

which parent contributed egg or sperm

184
Q

3 domains of life

A

archaea, eukarya, bacteria

185
Q

mutations are …

A

random

186
Q

natural selectioni is..

A

not random

187
Q

evoltuion occurrs at … level

A

population

188
Q

natrual selectioni acts on….

A

individuals

189
Q

blank is nto goal oriented

A

evolution

BIO 115 H (1 decks)

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