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BIO 112 > BIO 112 Exam Review > Flashcards

BIO 112 Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Unequal, nonrandom reproductive success

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2
Q

Directional Selection

A

Shift towards one extreme phenotype (either left or right)

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3
Q

Diversifying/Disruptive Selection

A

Shift towards two extreme phenotypes

-can lead to speciation

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4
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Shift towards intermediate phenotype

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5
Q

Inter-sexual Selection

A

Adaptions used for advertising for mates (usually males doing this)

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6
Q

Intra-sexual Selection

A

Competition for mating grounds and access to mates

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7
Q

Neutral Variation

A

Not every trait or behavior is being selected for, some may just come along for the ride.

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8
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Can cause evolution. Random change in population.

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9
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Catastrophic reduction in population (decrease in genetic diversity)

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10
Q

Founder Effect

A

A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency ( decrease in genetic diversity)

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11
Q

Mutation

A

Change in genes (random)

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12
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Same ancestors, different functions

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13
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Different species, same function, structure looks similar

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14
Q

Rudimentary (Vestigial) Structures

A

Non adaptive structures that is unnecessary for organisms

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15
Q

Theory

A

As good as it gets - explains

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16
Q

Laws

A

Describe theories

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17
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium:

A

How to stop evolution:

  1. Same fitness of every individual / no selection/ random mating
  2. Large population
  3. No changes in environment
  4. NO gene flow
  5. NO genetic drift
  6. NO mutation
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18
Q

p , q, p2, q2, 2pq

A 
p = dominant allele (Allele A) 
q = recessive allele (Allele B) 
p2 = frequency of individual AA (homozygous dominant) 
q2 = frequency of individual aa (homozygous recessive) 
2pq = frequency of individual Aa (heterozygous )

p2 + q2 + 2pq = 1
p+q =1

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19
Q

Biological Species Concept

A
  • if they are not the same species, they cannot interbreed

- based on infertility rather than physical similarity

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20
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Different species can’t interbreed because of anatomical differences

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21
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A

Keeps sperm and egg from fertilizing

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22
Q
  1. Behavioral Isolation
A

Behaviorally they attract different mates, so they don’t breed

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23
Q

2, Mechanical Isolation

A

Physically incompatible

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24
Q
  1. Temporal Isolation
A

Reproduction times are different

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25
Q
  1. Gametic Isolation
A

Incompatible receptor proteins

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26
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

Keeps hybrid from reproducing/ or even developing

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27
Q
  1. Hybrid In viability
A

Lethal, zygote does not develop

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28
Q
  1. Hybrid Sterility
A

Hybrid cannot reproduce

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29
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A
  1. Genetic Isolation - geographical isolation

2. Genetic Divergence - species are so genetically different that they can’t interbreed

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30
Q

Sympatric Speciaton

A

a population under the same conditions with no geographical separation and a sub population forms a new species that are no longer able to interbreed

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31
Q

Ecological Isolation

A

i.e. Fruit flies choose different fruits to mate on

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32
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

plants that mate with themselves and their offspring wind up with more chromosomes than the parent - BOOM . New species. Extra chromosomes because of nondisjunction

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33
Q

Non disjunction

A

sister chromatids don’t separate

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34
Q

Alloployploidy

A
  1. Hybridization - sterile hybrid
  2. Nondisjunction meiosis - doubles # of chromosomes in gametes. Makes homologous chromosomes
  3. Self fertilization - new species
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35
Q

Plant bodies are made from ___ in the air

A

CO2, structural polysaccarhride

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36
Q

Plants emerged during the ____ period, ____ mya

A

Ordovician, 475

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37
Q

Green algae…

A

are the closest common ancestor to land plants

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38
Q
  1. Non-vascular plants
A

have no way of moving nutrients around their body

  • seedless, use spores to spread offspring
  • need h20 to reproduce, sperm swims to egg
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39
Q
  1. Seedless Vascular plants
A

Second big group to evolve still no seeds or pollen, use spores to spread/propagate,
have extensive vascular system and can be tree sized. Still need water for reproduction – sperm swim to egg.

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40
Q
  1. Gymnosperms
A

“Naked seeds”

Only first plant group with seeds/pollen - airborne sperm / use cones.

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41
Q
  1. Angiosperms
A

Adaptation: flowers and fruits, vessel elements in xylem, fibers in xylem
Some rely on wind pollination
Many rely on pollinators - Co Evolution

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42
Q

Eudicots

A

True 2 leaves.

  • two cotyledon (leaves that appear from a germinating seed)
  • four or five floral parts
  • usually a net like leaf veins
  • vascular bundles in ring
  • central taproot that branches into lateral roots
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43
Q

Monocots

A

One leaf.

  • one cotyledon (leaves that appear from a germinating seed)
  • usually three parts
  • parallel leaf veins
  • no growth rings
  • no taproot / fibrous roots
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44
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Outside section

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45
Q

Ground

A

The “meat”

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46
Q

Vascular

A

Inside ground tissue

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47
Q

Root Duties

A

CAAS.

  • Conduct H20 and nutrients.
  • Absorb h20 and nutrients
  • Anchor
  • Storage
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48
Q

Plants store their sugar as _____

A

starch

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49
Q

Modified Roots

A
  1. Storage roots
  2. Adventitious Roots
  3. Aerial Roots
  4. Pneumataphores
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50
Q

Storage Roots

A

i.e. Carrots, Beets

Where photosynthesis doesn’t take place

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51
Q

Adventitious Roots

A

Stabilizes tree, props and holds up tree

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52
Q

Aerial Roots

A

i.e. curtain fig tree

covers tree

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53
Q

Pneumataphores

A

Snorkels above ground to obtain oxygen

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54
Q

Shoot Duties

A

SSPTR

  • Support
  • Storage
  • Photosynthesis
  • Transport
  • Reproduction
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55
Q

Modified Shoots

A
  1. Stolons
  2. Rhizomes
  3. Tubers
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56
Q

Stolons (opposite of rhizomes)

A

i.e Strawberries

horizontal, above ground stems for asexual reproduction

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57
Q

Rhizomes (opposite of stolons)

A

Horizontal, below ground stems for asexual reproduction

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58
Q

Tubers

A

Stems modified to store starch below ground

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59
Q 
which of the following is not a role of the shoot system?
A. Support
B. Reproduction
C. Photosynthesis
D. Storage
E. Water uptake
A

E

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60
Q

Upper epidermis

A

outside of the leaf

contains:
- Cuticle : wax, hydrophobic
- Stomata: pores in epidermis, for gas exchange (what allows transpiration)

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61
Q

Stomata

A

pores in epidermis for gas exchange. 2 guard cells/ stoma that change change to regulate pore size. Imperative to photosynthesis

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62
Q

Ground Tissue (where/contains)?

A

Inside leaf
contains:

  • palisade: upper level, tightly packed parenchyma, photosynthesis
  • Spongy: lower level, more room for gas exchange
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63
Q

Vascular Tissue (what/contains)?

A

Transport/ Support
contains:

  • xylem: one way roots to shoots. Carries h2o, nutrients (WATER)
  • phloem: bi-directional flow of sugar source to sink (SUGARS)
  • collenchyma: strong, flexible support in the leaf
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64
Q

Xylem (parts (3) /what)?

A

WATER . one way roots to shoots. Carries h2o, nutrients.

Dead at maturity. No cytoplasm. Hollow tubes .

Traechids: water conducting cell in xylem. evolved first.. In all vascular plants.

Vessel Elements and Fibers (only angiosperms)

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65
Q

Phloem

A

SUGARS. Bi- directional flow or sugar source to sink.

  • Sieve tube members (transport)
  • no nucleus
  • companion cells (take care of seive tube members, have nucleus + organelles)
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66
Q

Collenchyma

A

Strong, flexible support in leaf

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67
Q

Leaves have ___ buds at their ____

A

axillary buds , base

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68
Q

Modified Leaves (4)

A
  1. Tendrils - leaves used to grab onto things (pea plant)
  2. Spines - used to shade (cacti)
  3. Succulent - stores water in leaves
  4. Brightly colored leaves: use to attract pollinators
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69
Q

Ground Tissue cells (3)

A
  1. Parenchyma - all purpose plant cells, can differentiate. Chloroplasts here.
  2. Collenchyma- stringy, flexible, veins in leaves
  3. Sclerenchyma - hard, woody, very tough, fibers in Angiosperms. Dead at maturity
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70
Q

Parenchyma (where/ what)

A

Ground Tissue. All purpose/ can differentiate. Chloroplasts here.

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71
Q

Collenchyma (where/what)

A

Ground Tissue. Stringy, flexible, veins in leaves

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72
Q

Sclerenchyma (where/what)

A

Hard, woody, fibers in angiosperms. Dead at maturity.

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73
Q

Phototropism

A

Movement towards or away from light.

  • grows best towards blue light
  • Auxin: produced by the growing shoot tips in response to light. High concentration on shady parts of plants causes bending towards light.
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74
Q

Auxin

A

Activated by sunlight. Produced by growing shoot tips. High concentration in shady parts of the plant which causes bending towards light.

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75
Q

Gravitropism

A

movement towards or away from gravity

  • root cap sense and signals, auxin triggers asymmetrical elongation
  • Interaction between auxin and cytokinins controls apical dominance and lateral branching
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76
Q

Phytochromes

A

Change shape depending on photosynthetic light

Pred (Dormnant) - absicisc acid keeps seeds dormant
Pinfrared (Sunny mode)
PFR - triggers Gibberellins (germination through cell elongation)

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77
Q

At the top of the tree, auxin is ____

A

high and suppresses branches (less branching)

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78
Q

At the bottom of the tree, cytokinins is _____

A

high near roots. Triggers axillary buds (lateral buds) to grow branches

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79
Q

Gibberellins

A

Germination, Growth to Maturity, Flowering/ 1/2 of fruit development

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80
Q

Auxin

A

Growth to maturity, flowering, 1/2 fruit development

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81
Q

Cytokines

A

Growth to maturity, flowering, fruit development

Trigger axillary buds to begin primary growth and make branches

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82
Q

Ehylene

A

Flowering, fruit development, Abscission

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83
Q

ABA

A

Abscission, seed dormancy

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84
Q

Sieve Tube Members

A

Phloem. Do the transporting from source to sink. Alive at maturity.

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85
Q

Periderm

A

Dermal Tissue System:

“woody” plants - long lived eudicots that make wood.
Cork: outermost layer
Cork cambium: inner layer of dermal tissue, makes cork

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86
Q

Dermis

A

Dermal Tissue System:

outer skin of growing plant is parenchyma and guard cells.
Trichomes - “little hairs”, extension epidermal cells
Can trap water
Prevent predation
Prevent excessive sunshine

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87
Q

Plants have _____ growth

A

indeterminate because they have embryonic stem cells (meristem)

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88
Q

What causes elongation of roots/shoots?

A

Apical Meristem, axillary buds

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89
Q

Apical Meristem

A
  • Responsible for growth and length
  • Primary growth
  • Adds length
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90
Q

Lateral Meristem

A
  • Adds girth and circumference
  • growing from inside out
  • only in “woody” plants
  • Secondary growth
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91
Q

Apical Meristem

A
  • top * 1) Zone of Maturation (ZOM)
  • middle* 2) Zone of Elongation (ZOE)
  • bottom * 3) Apical Meristem

Cell division “ahead” creates roots
Cell division “behind” create new dermal, ground, vascular cells

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92
Q

Root cap

A
  • protects apical meristem
  • determines geogropism
  • secrets lubricate
  • constantly replenished
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93
Q

Root hairs

A

Extensions off epidermal cells

increase surface area for absorption

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94
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

Makes secondary xylem inside, builds up and becomes wood

Makes secondary phloem to the outside, doesn’t build up is always pushed

MAKES SECONDARY XYLEM + PHLOEM

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95
Q

Cork Cambium

A

builds cork to the exterior and replaces it self

cork = secondary dermal tissue (adds circumference)

MAKES SECONDARY DERMAL TISSUE

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96
Q

Heartwood

A

old xylem. No longer doing any transport. Supports the tree.

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97
Q

Sapwood

A

Active transport xylem, young wood

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98
Q

Phloem is a) active b) passive

A

A

99
Q

Parts of the plant that have determinate growth

A

flowers, leaves, fruits

100
Q

Define:

Source

Sink

A

source: sugar is entering phloem
sink: sugar is leaving phloem. Getting deposited.

101
Q

Hypotonic

A

Outside cell: low solute

Inside cell: high water

water enters

102
Q

Hypertonic

A

Outside cell: high solute

Inside solute: low water

water leaves

103
Q

water potential

A

the measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another

104
Q

When ψ is negative then ____

A

pulling / sucking

105
Q

When ψ is positive then ____

A

pushing

106
Q

Water flows from ____ ψ to _____ ψ

A

high to low (towards most negative so -.65 is LOWER than -.60!)

107
Q

Pure water ψs =

A

0

108
Q

Open container ψp =

A

0

109
Q

As you go up the tree, the ψ _____

A

lowers

110
Q

Apoplastic

A

Transport through cell wall

111
Q

Symplastic

A

Transport through cytoplasm

112
Q

Lower solute potential

A

Stronger pull on water

113
Q

Higher solute concentration

A

Lower solute potential

114
Q

Casparian Strip

A

selective uptake into xylem forces water and minerals to cross at least 1 plasma membrane

115
Q

Which environments make transpiration increase?

A
  • hot
  • windy
  • sunny
  • dry
116
Q

Which environments make transpiration decrease?

A
  • cool
  • humid
  • calm
  • dark/ cloudy
117
Q

Phloem moves ____ around the plant

A

sugars

118
Q

Translocation

A

movement of carbs through vascular system in phloem

119
Q

Phloem uses _____ to push phloem sap from source to sink

A

pressure

120
Q

@ Source….

a) ψ high or low?
b) solute low or high?
c ) h20 is sucked from where that creates pressure?
d) ψ is ______ in the phloem than in the xylem

A

a) low ψ
b) solute high
c) from the xylem
d) lower

121
Q

@ Sink….

a) solute low or high?
b) ψ is ______ in the xylem than in the phloem
c) h20 is _____ back into the xylem

A

a) less solute
b) lower
c) sucked

122
Q

Source examples

A
  • mature leaf

- starchy root

123
Q

Sink examples:

A
  • new growth in leaves and roots
  • roots in general
  • flowers
124
Q

Roots pump ____ which displaces ____ in the soil

A

hydrogen ions , ca + ions

125
Q

Plants will experience a shortage of _____ first

A

nitrogen

126
Q

Nutrients that can limit growth:

A

NPPCM

  • nitrogen
  • phosphorous
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • magnesium
127
Q

Plants favorite form of nitrogen is _____ from _____ bacteria

A

Nitrate , nitrifying

128
Q

Legumes

A
  • have symbiosis with nitrogen fixers in roots
  • add nitrogen to soil
  • bean/ pea family
  • different from other plants because they have nitrogen fixing bacteria
129
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic relationship with fungi and root hairs. all plants with roots. Increase surface area/ Increases absorption

130
Q

Where to plants get their carbon?

A

The air

131
Q

Thigmotrophism

A

Response to touch

132
Q

Response to wind

A

Growing thicker cell walls

133
Q

ABA or Abscissic Acid

A

keeps seeds dormant , close stomata, stress hormone

134
Q

Gibberellins is a hormone that _____

A

allow seed germination, creates elongation, break seed dormancy

135
Q

What makes the sperm ?

A

Generative cell

136
Q

Tube cell makes what that pollinates the plant ovules?

A

Pollen tube

137
Q

Pollen to the stigma is called?

A

Pollination

138
Q

1 sperm fusing with 1 egg creates

A

a 2n zygote

139
Q

Endosperm is ____

A

serves as the food supply for the embryo

140
Q

Apical cell

A

makes the embryo

141
Q

Basal cell

A

connects the baby to the endosperm

142
Q

Characteristics of an animal (3)

A
  • mulitcellular
  • eukaryotic
  • ingestive heterotroph
  • animal cells don’t have a cell wall or centrioles
143
Q

Acrosome

A

enzyme that eats though outer layer of the egg

144
Q

Egg contributes what to the zygote?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • half of DNA
  • organelles
  • mitochondria
145
Q

Sperm contributes what to the zyogte?

A
  • half of DNA
146
Q

Cell differentiation is _____ in animals, no so much in plants

A

permanent

147
Q

Cell division

A

Mitosis

148
Q

Determinants

A

Control gene expression in egg

149
Q

Hox/ homeotic genes

A

involved in major structure formation

150
Q

Gastrulation is results in ____

A

head/ tail body axis , setting up germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm), cell movement

151
Q

in humans, _____ develops from blastopore first

A

anus

152
Q

in protostomes, ______ develops from blastopore first

A

mouth

153
Q

Do all animals have tissues

A

no, sponges don’t

154
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

lines insides and outsides

- can be simple or stratified

155
Q

Loos connected tissue

A

Connective Tissue

-provides padding

156
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Connective Tissue

  • tendons bind muscle to bone
  • ligaments stabilize joints
157
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Connective Tissue

- energy storage, insulation

158
Q

Dendrites ____ signals

A

receive

159
Q

Glial cells

A

Helps for neuron cells make vertebrate myelin sheath

160
Q

Multicellularity

A

adaptation to help organisms deal with their volume through surface area

161
Q

As size increases, volume ____

A

decreases

162
Q

As size decreases, volume ____

A

increases (fastest metabolism)

163
Q

Negative Feedback

A

response counteracts the stimulus

164
Q

Convection

A

current (gain heat/ gain cool)

165
Q

Conduction

A

contact (absorb heat of something/ lose heat to something)

166
Q

Humans are homeothermic ____

A

endotherms

167
Q

Arteries and Veins have a counter current exchange:

A

arteries warm up veinous blood as it returns to the heart

168
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Precursor. Released by stomach cells before activated by HCL. turns into pepsin which digests proteins.

169
Q

Name (4) enzymes that are made in the pancreas but act in the small intestines

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepidase, elastase

170
Q

Metabolic waste is ___ waste

A

cellular

171
Q

Gall bladder and small intestines emulsify and digest

A

lipids

172
Q

Majority of protein digestion occurs where?

A

small intestines

173
Q

Insulin

A

released from pancreas, lowers Blood sugar

174
Q

Glucagon

A

released from pancreas, raise blood sugar

175
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

water in 3 separate places , humans

176
Q

Open circulatory system

A

water in 2 separate place, mollusks

177
Q

Hemolymph

A

mixture of blood and interstitial fluid

178
Q

Atria ____ blood and Ventricle ____ blood

A

receive , send

179
Q

Veinous blood goes ____ the heart, Artery blood go _____ the heart

A

to, from

180
Q

Arteries ____ the heart (go to capillaries) , Veins _____ to the heart (come from capillaries)

A

leave, return

181
Q

Right atrium holds the (2)

A

antria vena cava and posterior vena cava that go into the heart from the body

182
Q

Right ventricle sends blood through the

A

pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs (low oxy)

183
Q

Left Atrium

A

receives (HIGH 02) blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

184
Q

Left ventricle

A

sends blood through aorta (artery) HIGH 02

185
Q

Blood headed from the lungs to the heart enter what chambers

A

Left Artium/ Left side

186
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

receives blood from the body and sends it to the lungs, right side more oxygenated

187
Q

Systemic circulation

A

receives blood from lungs to send to body. LEFT side

188
Q

Blood leaving the heart going to the lungs leave through which vessel

A

Pulmonary Artery

189
Q

Blood in pulmonary veins

A

is high oxygen and low in CO2

190
Q

When the 1st beat happens

A

Atria contracts

191
Q

When the second beat happens

A

Ventricle contracts

192
Q

systole

A

contraction (send blood)

193
Q

diastole

A

relax ( chambers fill)

194
Q

Arteries have ____ muscle

A

thicker

195
Q

Veins need valves because _______ can make blood move backwards

A

low pressure

196
Q

BP lowers

A

with distance

197
Q

Arteries

A

high BP, closest to the heart, blood moving fastest

198
Q

Capillaries

A

blood pressure drops . Huge #, tiny diameter total cross sectional area is HIGH

199
Q

veins

A

BP flat line

200
Q

Capillaries need ____ blood flow so there can be gas exchange. Speed picks up in veins.

A

slow.

201
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

202
Q

Most water is lost through

A

urine

203
Q

Fresh water fish is ___ to its ___ environment

Water enters fish at a higher rate

A

hypertonic (water exits) , hypotonic

solution: pees alot

204
Q

Salt water fish is ___ to its ____ environment

Water leaves fish

A

hypotonic, hypertonic

solution: drinks alot

205
Q

Kidneys job is to get _____

A

rid of metabolic waste , filter blood, remove urea, toxins, and save water

206
Q

Nephrons duty

A

reabsorp and put out as little water as possible. PCT goes into vasa recta

207
Q

Descending LOH

A

water permeable / ion salt impermeable

208
Q

Ascending LOH

A

water impermeable / salt permeable

209
Q

@ Collecting duct ( can be or cannot be impermeable to water) …

  • if ADH is present .
  • if ADH is not present…
A
  • if ADH is present, collecting duct insert aquaporins which are permeable to water
  • if ADH is not present , no aquaporins, collecting duct is not permeable to water
210
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system, cornea, lens of eye, epidermis of skin

211
Q

Mesoderm

A

Most of the systems

212
Q

Endoderm

A

Most of the tracts

213
Q

Carb digestive enzymes: (2) and where they work

A 
Salivary amylase (mouth) 
Pancreatic amylase (small int)
214
Q

Lipid digestive enzymes: (2) and where they work

A 
Lingual lipase (mouth)
Bile salts and pancreatic lipase (small int)
215
Q

Protien digestive enzymes: (3) and where they work

A

Pepsin (stomach)

Trypsin, Elastase, etc (small int)

216
Q

ADH

A

trriggers insertion of aquaporins that

217
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

- integration

218
Q

PNS

A

ganglia and nerves

  • sensory input
  • motor output
219
Q

where does integration occur in a neuron?

A

the cell body

220
Q

where does the output of a neuron occur?

A

the axon

221
Q

Resting potential: Na+ want to _____ K+ want to ____

A

move in, move out .

Both Na and K channels are closed.

222
Q

Leak channels

A

2 way. diffusion in and out. Passive.

223
Q

Voltage

A

gated ion channels. Triggered to open/close depending on membrane potential. Closed at resting potential.

224
Q

Hyper polarization

A

Change in membrane potential towards negative direction. Voltage gated K+ channels are open. K moves in.
Inhibitory. Inhibit action potentials

225
Q

Deplorization

A

change in membrane potential towards positive direction. Na+ channels open. Na moves in. Excitatory.

226
Q

Action potential

A

massive depolarization . Always same size.

227
Q

Falling phase

A

Na channels close. K channels open. More negative membrane

228
Q

Undershoot

A

Membrane potential more negative than resting potential because the K channels stayed open

229
Q

Depolarization only occurs @

A

Nodes

230
Q

Acetylcholine bind to Na+ channels in _____
Depolarization spreads to
T tubles trigger release Ca2+ from Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

Na+ channels in muscle sarcolemma

T - tubles

231
Q

Sympathetic nerves:

A

Fight or flight

232
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Chill, automatic,

233
Q

Brain stem

A

information relay and center or autonomic control for heart, lungs, etc

234
Q

Cerebrum

A

Memory, consciousness

235
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination

236
Q

Sequential Hermaphrodites

A

start off one gender and then become another later on in life

237
Q

Protandry (hermaphrodites)

A

male to female

238
Q

Protogny (hermaphrodites)

A

female to male

239
Q

what makes the sperm in the testes?

A

Seminiforous tubules

240
Q

what stores the sperm?

A

epididymis

241
Q

Bulbourethal Gland

A

secretes mucus to clean out uretha

242
Q

Progesterone

A

Keeps endometrium intact, no period, person is pregnant/

If low, person will have period

243
Q

Corpus leteum degenerates if

A

person is not pregnant

244
Q

Biomimicry

A

nature as mentor, a path to sustainability

BIO 112 (1 decks)

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