BIO 112 Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Natural Selection
A
Unequal, nonrandom reproductive success
2
Q
Directional Selection
A
Shift towards one extreme phenotype (either left or right)
3
Q
Diversifying/Disruptive Selection
A
Shift towards two extreme phenotypes
-can lead to speciation
4
Q
Stabilizing Selection
A
Shift towards intermediate phenotype
5
Q
Inter-sexual Selection
A
Adaptions used for advertising for mates (usually males doing this)
6
Q
Intra-sexual Selection
A
Competition for mating grounds and access to mates
7
Q
Neutral Variation
A
Not every trait or behavior is being selected for, some may just come along for the ride.
8
Q
Genetic Drift
A
Can cause evolution. Random change in population.
9
Q
Bottleneck Effect
A
Catastrophic reduction in population (decrease in genetic diversity)
10
Q
Founder Effect
A
A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency ( decrease in genetic diversity)
11
Q
Mutation
A
Change in genes (random)
12
Q
Homologous Structures
A
Same ancestors, different functions
13
Q
Analogous Structures
A
Different species, same function, structure looks similar
14
Q
Rudimentary (Vestigial) Structures
A
Non adaptive structures that is unnecessary for organisms
15
Q
Theory
A
As good as it gets - explains
16
Q
Laws
A
Describe theories
17
Q
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium:
A
How to stop evolution:
- Same fitness of every individual / no selection/ random mating
- Large population
- No changes in environment
- NO gene flow
- NO genetic drift
- NO mutation
18
Q
p , q, p2, q2, 2pq
A
p = dominant allele (Allele A) q = recessive allele (Allele B) p2 = frequency of individual AA (homozygous dominant) q2 = frequency of individual aa (homozygous recessive) 2pq = frequency of individual Aa (heterozygous )
p2 + q2 + 2pq = 1
p+q =1
19
Q
Biological Species Concept
A
- if they are not the same species, they cannot interbreed
- based on infertility rather than physical similarity
20
Q
Morphological Species Concept
A
Different species can’t interbreed because of anatomical differences
21
Q
Prezygotic Barriers
A
Keeps sperm and egg from fertilizing
22
Q
- Behavioral Isolation
A
Behaviorally they attract different mates, so they don’t breed
23
Q
2, Mechanical Isolation
A
Physically incompatible
24
Q
- Temporal Isolation
A
Reproduction times are different
25
4. Gametic Isolation
Incompatible receptor proteins
26
Postzygotic Barriers
Keeps hybrid from reproducing/ or even developing
27
1. Hybrid In viability
Lethal, zygote does not develop
28
2. Hybrid Sterility
Hybrid cannot reproduce
29
Allopatric Speciation
1. Genetic Isolation - geographical isolation
| 2. Genetic Divergence - species are so genetically different that they can't interbreed
30
Sympatric Speciaton
a population under the same conditions with no geographical separation and a sub population forms a new species that are no longer able to interbreed
31
Ecological Isolation
i.e. Fruit flies choose different fruits to mate on
32
Autopolyploidy
plants that mate with themselves and their offspring wind up with more chromosomes than the parent - BOOM . New species. Extra chromosomes because of nondisjunction
33
Non disjunction
sister chromatids don't separate
34
Alloployploidy
1. Hybridization - sterile hybrid
2. Nondisjunction meiosis - doubles # of chromosomes in gametes. Makes homologous chromosomes
3. Self fertilization - new species
35
Plant bodies are made from ___ in the air
CO2, structural polysaccarhride
36
Plants emerged during the ____ period, ____ mya
Ordovician, 475
37
Green algae...
are the closest common ancestor to land plants
38
1. Non-vascular plants
have no way of moving nutrients around their body
- seedless, use spores to spread offspring
- need h20 to reproduce, sperm swims to egg
39
2. Seedless Vascular plants
Second big group to evolve still no seeds or pollen, use spores to spread/propagate,
have extensive vascular system and can be tree sized. Still need water for reproduction – sperm swim to egg.
40
3. Gymnosperms
"Naked seeds"
| Only first plant group with seeds/pollen - airborne sperm / use cones.
41
4. Angiosperms
Adaptation: flowers and fruits, vessel elements in xylem, fibers in xylem
Some rely on wind pollination
Many rely on pollinators - Co Evolution
42
Eudicots
True 2 leaves.
- two cotyledon (leaves that appear from a germinating seed)
- four or five floral parts
- usually a net like leaf veins
- vascular bundles in ring
- central taproot that branches into lateral roots
43
Monocots
One leaf.
- one cotyledon (leaves that appear from a germinating seed)
- usually three parts
- parallel leaf veins
- no growth rings
- no taproot / fibrous roots
44
Dermal Tissue
Outside section
45
Ground
The "meat"
46
Vascular
Inside ground tissue
47
Root Duties
CAAS.
- Conduct H20 and nutrients.
- Absorb h20 and nutrients
- Anchor
- Storage
48
Plants store their sugar as _____
starch
49
Modified Roots
1. Storage roots
2. Adventitious Roots
3. Aerial Roots
4. Pneumataphores
50
Storage Roots
i.e. Carrots, Beets
Where photosynthesis doesn't take place
51
Adventitious Roots
Stabilizes tree, props and holds up tree
52
Aerial Roots
i.e. curtain fig tree
covers tree
53
Pneumataphores
Snorkels above ground to obtain oxygen
54
Shoot Duties
SSPTR
- Support
- Storage
- Photosynthesis
- Transport
- Reproduction
55
Modified Shoots
1. Stolons
2. Rhizomes
3. Tubers
56
Stolons (opposite of rhizomes)
i.e Strawberries
horizontal, above ground stems for asexual reproduction
57
Rhizomes (opposite of stolons)
Horizontal, below ground stems for asexual reproduction
58
Tubers
Stems modified to store starch below ground
59
```
which of the following is not a role of the shoot system?
A. Support
B. Reproduction
C. Photosynthesis
D. Storage
E. Water uptake
```
E
60
Upper epidermis
outside of the leaf
contains:
- Cuticle : wax, hydrophobic
- Stomata: pores in epidermis, for gas exchange (what allows transpiration)
61
Stomata
pores in epidermis for gas exchange. 2 guard cells/ stoma that change change to regulate pore size. Imperative to photosynthesis
62
Ground Tissue (where/contains)?
Inside leaf
contains:
- palisade: upper level, tightly packed parenchyma, photosynthesis
- Spongy: lower level, more room for gas exchange
63
Vascular Tissue (what/contains)?
Transport/ Support
contains:
- xylem: one way roots to shoots. Carries h2o, nutrients (WATER)
- phloem: bi-directional flow of sugar source to sink (SUGARS)
- collenchyma: strong, flexible support in the leaf
64
Xylem (parts (3) /what)?
WATER . one way roots to shoots. Carries h2o, nutrients.
Dead at maturity. No cytoplasm. Hollow tubes .
Traechids: water conducting cell in xylem. evolved first.. In all vascular plants.
Vessel Elements and Fibers (only angiosperms)
65
Phloem
SUGARS. Bi- directional flow or sugar source to sink.
- Sieve tube members (transport)
- no nucleus
- companion cells (take care of seive tube members, have nucleus + organelles)
66
Collenchyma
Strong, flexible support in leaf
67
Leaves have ___ buds at their ____
axillary buds , base
68
Modified Leaves (4)
1. Tendrils - leaves used to grab onto things (pea plant)
2. Spines - used to shade (cacti)
3. Succulent - stores water in leaves
4. Brightly colored leaves: use to attract pollinators
69
Ground Tissue cells (3)
1. Parenchyma - all purpose plant cells, can differentiate. Chloroplasts here.
2. Collenchyma- stringy, flexible, veins in leaves
4. Sclerenchyma - hard, woody, very tough, fibers in Angiosperms. Dead at maturity
70
Parenchyma (where/ what)
Ground Tissue. All purpose/ can differentiate. Chloroplasts here.
71
Collenchyma (where/what)
Ground Tissue. Stringy, flexible, veins in leaves
72
Sclerenchyma (where/what)
Hard, woody, fibers in angiosperms. Dead at maturity.
73
Phototropism
Movement towards or away from light.
- grows best towards blue light
- Auxin: produced by the growing shoot tips in response to light. High concentration on shady parts of plants causes bending towards light.
74
Auxin
Activated by sunlight. Produced by growing shoot tips. High concentration in shady parts of the plant which causes bending towards light.
75
Gravitropism
movement towards or away from gravity
- root cap sense and signals, auxin triggers asymmetrical elongation
- Interaction between auxin and cytokinins controls apical dominance and lateral branching
76
Phytochromes
Change shape depending on photosynthetic light
Pred (Dormnant) - absicisc acid keeps seeds dormant
Pinfrared (Sunny mode)
PFR - triggers Gibberellins (germination through cell elongation)
77
At the top of the tree, auxin is ____
high and suppresses branches (less branching)
78
At the bottom of the tree, cytokinins is _____
high near roots. Triggers axillary buds (lateral buds) to grow branches
79
Gibberellins
Germination, Growth to Maturity, Flowering/ 1/2 of fruit development
80
Auxin
Growth to maturity, flowering, 1/2 fruit development
81
Cytokines
Growth to maturity, flowering, fruit development
Trigger axillary buds to begin primary growth and make branches
82
Ehylene
Flowering, fruit development, Abscission
83
ABA
Abscission, seed dormancy
84
Sieve Tube Members
Phloem. Do the transporting from source to sink. Alive at maturity.
85
Periderm
Dermal Tissue System:
"woody" plants - long lived eudicots that make wood.
Cork: outermost layer
Cork cambium: inner layer of dermal tissue, makes cork
86
Dermis
Dermal Tissue System:
outer skin of growing plant is parenchyma and guard cells.
Trichomes - "little hairs", extension epidermal cells
Can trap water
Prevent predation
Prevent excessive sunshine
87
Plants have _____ growth
indeterminate because they have embryonic stem cells (meristem)
88
What causes elongation of roots/shoots?
Apical Meristem, axillary buds
89
Apical Meristem
- Responsible for growth and length
- Primary growth
- Adds length
90
Lateral Meristem
- Adds girth and circumference
- growing from inside out
- only in "woody" plants
- Secondary growth
91
Apical Meristem
* top * 1) Zone of Maturation (ZOM)
* middle* 2) Zone of Elongation (ZOE)
* bottom * 3) Apical Meristem
Cell division "ahead" creates roots
Cell division "behind" create new dermal, ground, vascular cells
92
Root cap
- protects apical meristem
- determines geogropism
- secrets lubricate
- constantly replenished
93
Root hairs
Extensions off epidermal cells
| increase surface area for absorption
94
Vascular Cambium
Makes secondary xylem inside, builds up and becomes wood
Makes secondary phloem to the outside, doesn't build up is always pushed
MAKES SECONDARY XYLEM + PHLOEM
95
Cork Cambium
builds cork to the exterior and replaces it self
cork = secondary dermal tissue (adds circumference)
MAKES SECONDARY DERMAL TISSUE
96
Heartwood
old xylem. No longer doing any transport. Supports the tree.
97
Sapwood
Active transport xylem, young wood
98
Phloem is a) active b) passive
A
99
Parts of the plant that have determinate growth
flowers, leaves, fruits
100
# Define:
Source
Sink
source: sugar is entering phloem
sink: sugar is leaving phloem. Getting deposited.
101
Hypotonic
Outside cell: low solute
Inside cell: high water
water enters
102
Hypertonic
Outside cell: high solute
Inside solute: low water
water leaves
103
water potential
the measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another
104
When ψ is negative then ____
pulling / sucking
105
When ψ is positive then ____
pushing
106
Water flows from ____ ψ to _____ ψ
high to low (towards most negative so -.65 is LOWER than -.60!)
107
Pure water ψs =
0
108
Open container ψp =
0
109
As you go up the tree, the ψ _____
lowers
110
Apoplastic
Transport through cell wall
111
Symplastic
Transport through cytoplasm
112
Lower solute potential
Stronger pull on water
113
Higher solute concentration
Lower solute potential
114
Casparian Strip
selective uptake into xylem forces water and minerals to cross at least 1 plasma membrane
115
Which environments make transpiration increase?
- hot
- windy
- sunny
- dry
116
Which environments make transpiration decrease?
- cool
- humid
- calm
- dark/ cloudy
117
Phloem moves ____ around the plant
sugars
118
Translocation
movement of carbs through vascular system in phloem
119
Phloem uses _____ to push phloem sap from source to sink
pressure
120
@ Source....
a) ψ high or low?
b) solute low or high?
c ) h20 is sucked from where that creates pressure?
d) ψ is ______ in the phloem than in the xylem
a) low ψ
b) solute high
c) from the xylem
d) lower
121
@ Sink....
a) solute low or high?
b) ψ is ______ in the xylem than in the phloem
c) h20 is _____ back into the xylem
a) less solute
b) lower
c) sucked
122
Source examples
- mature leaf
| - starchy root
123
Sink examples:
- new growth in leaves and roots
- roots in general
- flowers
124
Roots pump ____ which displaces ____ in the soil
hydrogen ions , ca + ions
125
Plants will experience a shortage of _____ first
nitrogen
126
Nutrients that can limit growth:
NPPCM
- nitrogen
- phosphorous
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
127
Plants favorite form of nitrogen is _____ from _____ bacteria
Nitrate , nitrifying
128
Legumes
- have symbiosis with nitrogen fixers in roots
- add nitrogen to soil
- bean/ pea family
- different from other plants because they have nitrogen fixing bacteria
129
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic relationship with fungi and root hairs. all plants with roots. Increase surface area/ Increases absorption
130
Where to plants get their carbon?
The air
131
Thigmotrophism
Response to touch
132
Response to wind
Growing thicker cell walls
133
ABA or Abscissic Acid
keeps seeds dormant , close stomata, stress hormone
134
Gibberellins is a hormone that _____
allow seed germination, creates elongation, break seed dormancy
135
What makes the sperm ?
Generative cell
136
Tube cell makes what that pollinates the plant ovules?
Pollen tube
137
Pollen to the stigma is called?
Pollination
138
1 sperm fusing with 1 egg creates
a 2n zygote
139
Endosperm is ____
serves as the food supply for the embryo
140
Apical cell
makes the embryo
141
Basal cell
connects the baby to the endosperm
142
Characteristics of an animal (3)
- mulitcellular
- eukaryotic
- ingestive heterotroph
- animal cells don't have a cell wall or centrioles
143
Acrosome
enzyme that eats though outer layer of the egg
144
Egg contributes what to the zygote?
- cytoplasm
- half of DNA
- organelles
- mitochondria
145
Sperm contributes what to the zyogte?
- half of DNA
146
Cell differentiation is _____ in animals, no so much in plants
permanent
147
Cell division
Mitosis
148
Determinants
Control gene expression in egg
149
Hox/ homeotic genes
involved in major structure formation
150
Gastrulation is results in ____
head/ tail body axis , setting up germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm), cell movement
151
in humans, _____ develops from blastopore first
anus
152
in protostomes, ______ develops from blastopore first
mouth
153
Do all animals have tissues
no, sponges don't
154
Epithelial tissue
lines insides and outsides
| - can be simple or stratified
155
Loos connected tissue
Connective Tissue
| -provides padding
156
Fibrous connective tissue
Connective Tissue
- tendons bind muscle to bone
- ligaments stabilize joints
157
Adipose tissue
Connective Tissue
| - energy storage, insulation
158
Dendrites ____ signals
receive
159
Glial cells
Helps for neuron cells make vertebrate myelin sheath
160
Multicellularity
adaptation to help organisms deal with their volume through surface area
161
As size increases, volume ____
decreases
162
As size decreases, volume ____
increases (fastest metabolism)
163
Negative Feedback
response counteracts the stimulus
164
Convection
current (gain heat/ gain cool)
165
Conduction
contact (absorb heat of something/ lose heat to something)
166
Humans are homeothermic ____
endotherms
167
Arteries and Veins have a counter current exchange:
arteries warm up veinous blood as it returns to the heart
168
Pepsinogen
Precursor. Released by stomach cells before activated by HCL. turns into pepsin which digests proteins.
169
Name (4) enzymes that are made in the pancreas but act in the small intestines
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepidase, elastase
170
Metabolic waste is ___ waste
cellular
171
Gall bladder and small intestines emulsify and digest
lipids
172
Majority of protein digestion occurs where?
small intestines
173
Insulin
released from pancreas, lowers Blood sugar
174
Glucagon
released from pancreas, raise blood sugar
175
Closed circulatory system
water in 3 separate places , humans
176
Open circulatory system
water in 2 separate place, mollusks
177
Hemolymph
mixture of blood and interstitial fluid
178
Atria ____ blood and Ventricle ____ blood
receive , send
179
Veinous blood goes ____ the heart, Artery blood go _____ the heart
to, from
180
Arteries ____ the heart (go to capillaries) , Veins _____ to the heart (come from capillaries)
leave, return
181
Right atrium holds the (2)
antria vena cava and posterior vena cava that go into the heart from the body
182
Right ventricle sends blood through the
pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs (low oxy)
183
Left Atrium
receives (HIGH 02) blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
184
Left ventricle
sends blood through aorta (artery) HIGH 02
185
Blood headed from the lungs to the heart enter what chambers
Left Artium/ Left side
186
Pulmonary circulation
receives blood from the body and sends it to the lungs, right side more oxygenated
187
Systemic circulation
receives blood from lungs to send to body. LEFT side
188
Blood leaving the heart going to the lungs leave through which vessel
Pulmonary Artery
189
Blood in pulmonary veins
is high oxygen and low in CO2
190
When the 1st beat happens
Atria contracts
191
When the second beat happens
Ventricle contracts
192
systole
contraction (send blood)
193
diastole
relax ( chambers fill)
194
Arteries have ____ muscle
thicker
195
Veins need valves because _______ can make blood move backwards
low pressure
196
BP lowers
with distance
197
Arteries
high BP, closest to the heart, blood moving fastest
198
Capillaries
blood pressure drops . Huge #, tiny diameter total cross sectional area is HIGH
199
veins
BP flat line
200
Capillaries need ____ blood flow so there can be gas exchange. Speed picks up in veins.
slow.
201
Hypertension
high blood pressure
202
Most water is lost through
urine
203
Fresh water fish is ___ to its ___ environment
Water enters fish at a higher rate
hypertonic (water exits) , hypotonic
solution: pees alot
204
Salt water fish is ___ to its ____ environment
Water leaves fish
hypotonic, hypertonic
| solution: drinks alot
205
Kidneys job is to get _____
rid of metabolic waste , filter blood, remove urea, toxins, and save water
206
Nephrons duty
reabsorp and put out as little water as possible. PCT goes into vasa recta
207
Descending LOH
water permeable / ion salt impermeable
208
Ascending LOH
water impermeable / salt permeable
209
@ Collecting duct ( can be or cannot be impermeable to water) ...
- if ADH is present .
- if ADH is not present...
- if ADH is present, collecting duct insert aquaporins which are permeable to water
- if ADH is not present , no aquaporins, collecting duct is not permeable to water
210
Ectoderm
Nervous system, cornea, lens of eye, epidermis of skin
211
Mesoderm
Most of the systems
212
Endoderm
Most of the tracts
213
Carb digestive enzymes: (2) and where they work
```
Salivary amylase (mouth)
Pancreatic amylase (small int)
```
214
Lipid digestive enzymes: (2) and where they work
```
Lingual lipase (mouth)
Bile salts and pancreatic lipase (small int)
```
215
Protien digestive enzymes: (3) and where they work
Pepsin (stomach)
| Trypsin, Elastase, etc (small int)
216
ADH
trriggers insertion of aquaporins that
217
CNS
brain and spinal cord
| - integration
218
PNS
ganglia and nerves
- sensory input
- motor output
219
where does integration occur in a neuron?
the cell body
220
where does the output of a neuron occur?
the axon
221
Resting potential: Na+ want to _____ K+ want to ____
move in, move out .
| Both Na and K channels are closed.
222
Leak channels
2 way. diffusion in and out. Passive.
223
Voltage
gated ion channels. Triggered to open/close depending on membrane potential. Closed at resting potential.
224
Hyper polarization
Change in membrane potential towards negative direction. Voltage gated K+ channels are open. K moves in.
Inhibitory. Inhibit action potentials
225
Deplorization
change in membrane potential towards positive direction. Na+ channels open. Na moves in. Excitatory.
226
Action potential
massive depolarization . Always same size.
227
Falling phase
Na channels close. K channels open. More negative membrane
228
Undershoot
Membrane potential more negative than resting potential because the K channels stayed open
229
Depolarization only occurs @
Nodes
230
Acetylcholine bind to Na+ channels in _____
Depolarization spreads to
T tubles trigger release Ca2+ from Sacroplasmic Reticulum
Na+ channels in muscle sarcolemma
| T - tubles
231
Sympathetic nerves:
Fight or flight
232
Parasympathetic
Chill, automatic,
233
Brain stem
information relay and center or autonomic control for heart, lungs, etc
234
Cerebrum
Memory, consciousness
235
Cerebellum
Coordination
236
Sequential Hermaphrodites
start off one gender and then become another later on in life
237
Protandry (hermaphrodites)
male to female
238
Protogny (hermaphrodites)
female to male
239
what makes the sperm in the testes?
Seminiforous tubules
240
what stores the sperm?
epididymis
241
Bulbourethal Gland
secretes mucus to clean out uretha
242
Progesterone
Keeps endometrium intact, no period, person is pregnant/
If low, person will have period
243
Corpus leteum degenerates if
person is not pregnant
244
Biomimicry
nature as mentor, a path to sustainability
