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Bio 112 1st exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vicariance

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when something 8n the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups

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2
Q

Variation

A

genetic differences among individuals in a population

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3
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

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4
Q

species

A

group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species

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6
Q

natural offspring

A

reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

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7
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of two closely related individuals, not of the same species

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8
Q

divergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point

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9
Q

dispersal

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

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10
Q

convergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms independently evolve to similar forms

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11
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs via geographic speciation

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12
Q

adaptive radiation

A

speciation when one species radiates to form several other species

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13
Q

adaptation

A

heritable trait/behavior in an organism that aids in its survival and reproduction in its present environment

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14
Q

temporal isolation

A

differences in breeding schedules that can act as a form of prezygotic barrier leading to reproductive isolation

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15
Q

habitat isolation

A

reproductive isolation resulting when species populations move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the same species other populations

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16
Q

behavioral isolation

A

type of reproductive isolation that occurs when a specific behavior or lack of 1 prevents reproduction from taking place

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17
Q

postzygotic barrier

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs after zygote formation

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18
Q

gametic barrier

A

prezygotic barrier occurring when closely related individuals of different species mate, but differences in their gamete cells (egg and sperm) prevent fertilization from taking place

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19
Q

prezygotic behavior

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs before zygote formation

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20
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; behavior, location or reproductive barriers may cause this to happen

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21
Q

coevolution

A

occurs when 2 or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution through the process of natural selection

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22
Q

mean/average

A

the calculated value you get by adding up all the numbers in a set and dividing by the total number of numbers in that set

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23
Q

directional selection

A

selection that favors phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation

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24
Q

Phermones. what does pher mean…. what does hormon mean…

A

pher=carry, bear
hormon=excite

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25
Q

realized niche

A

the part of the n- dimensional hyperspace to which a species is restricted due to competition

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26
Q

fundamental niche

A

the full extent of the n-dimensional hyperspace in the absence of competition

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27
Q

biotic

A

living

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28
Q

abiotic

A

non-living

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29
Q

Ecology!!!

A

the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment

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30
Q

subspecies!!!!!!

A

geographically and genetically distinct populations that can interbreed with other subspecies

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31
Q

the principle of divergence

A

phenotypic traits that tend to reduce competition—–limited ecological setting

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32
Q

inTERspecific competition

A

between, among

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33
Q

inTRAspecific competition

A

within, inside

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34
Q

transmissible

A

opportunity to pass traits on via reproduction or another form of gene transfer must exist

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35
Q

favorable

A

trait must be advantageous in the environment the organisms experiences

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36
Q

heritable

A

genetic basis

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37
Q

variable

A

within the population

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38
Q

In order for natural selection to act on a trait, the trait must be

A

-variable
-heritable
-favorable
-transmissible

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39
Q

kinds of competition

A

-interspecific competition
-intraspecific competition
-the principle of divergence

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40
Q

synthetic theory of evolution

A

evolution is the change of gene frequencies in the gene pool of a species or a population (populations evolve)

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41
Q

natural selection acts on ______

A

individuals, and as a result, adaptive evolutionary change occurs in populations

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42
Q

inbreeding depression

A

if a family of carriers begins to interbreed with each other, this will dramatically increase the likelihood of two carriers mating and eventually producing diseased offspring

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43
Q

inbreeding

A

the mating of closely related individuals

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44
Q

genetic variance

A

the diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population

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45
Q

Heritability

A

phenotype variation that can attribute to genetic differences among individuals in a population

46
Q

natural selection causes __________

A

the accumulation of new variations and the loss of unfavorable variables

47
Q

what does fitness mean

A

reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment

48
Q

ecotype

A

genetically and geographically distinct population adapted to specific environmental conditions

49
Q

What was passed in 1972 due to increasing concerns among scientists and the public that significant declines in some species of marine mammals were caused by human activities

A

Marine Mammal Protection Act

49
Q

Canis lubus albus

A

cani=a dog
lup=a wolf
alb=white

50
Q

The environments of most organisms have been in ___________________ throughout geological time

A

constant change

51
Q

Sigmoidal curve

A

curved in two directions like the letter 3

52
Q

Aenocyon Dirus

A

Aeno= terrible
cyn=dog
dir= dreadful

53
Q

Biogeography!!!!!!

A

the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in physical space through geological time

54
Q

pleistocene

A

pleistos=most
cene=new/recent

55
Q

___________ and __________ share credit for Natural Selection!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Darwin and Wallace

56
Q

extinct

A

non-living

57
Q

extant

A

living

58
Q

gene pool

A

the sum of all of the alleles in a population

59
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographic area and reproduce with each other

60
Q

Inductive research

A

-bottom up approach
-develops theories from observation
-used in exploratory studies
-flexible and adaptive to new findings
-relies on qualitive analysis

61
Q

Deductive research

A

-top-down approach
-tests theories through observations
-used in confirmatory studies
-structured and systematic
-relies more on quantative analysis

62
Q

Ernst Mayors (1942) biological species conept

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

63
Q

natural selection

A

provides a mechanism for evolutionary change

64
Q

descent with modifications

A

establishes conditions for understanding biological evolution

65
Q

natural selection results in!!!!!!!

A

adaptive change in allele frequencies within a population

66
Q

analogous

A

not the same, convergent

67
Q

adaptation

A

trait is favorable or not depends on environmental conditions the individual is currently experiencing

68
Q

convergent evolution

A

when similar phenotypes evolve independently in distantly related species

69
Q

divergent evolution

A

when populations or species that share a common ancestry accumulate genetic differences resulting from exposure to different environments, interactions with other organisms and for adaptive mutations

70
Q

zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting in two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

71
Q

recessive allele

A

only will be carried if both traits are recessive

72
Q

dominant allele

A

the trait will always be carried

73
Q

locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

74
Q

chromosome

A

structure within the nucleus that compromises chromatin that contains DNA, the heredity material

75
Q

Gene

A

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for proteins

76
Q

allele

A

gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

77
Q

ploidy

A

the number of homologous chromosomes sets in a cell or organism

78
Q

zygous

A

a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes

79
Q

zygotes genome

A

a combination of the DNA in each gamete and contains all of the genetic information of a new induvial organism

80
Q

Phenotype !!!!!!!!!!!!

A

observable traits expressed by an organism (genes+environment=phenotype)

81
Q

Root EU=________

A

true

82
Q

whos hypothesis was :eukaryota is comprised of 5-6 monophyletic groups”

A

Sandra Baldauf

83
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes are _________ than prokaryotic ribosomes !!!!!!!!!

A

Bigger

84
Q

homologous

A

the same characteristic that was evolved through a common ancestor

85
Q

most of the individual components of the ribosomes have _______ counterparts across all forms of it

A

equal/homologous

86
Q

Highly conserved molecules (ribosomal RNA)

A

-if there is a mistake it will result in death
-conserved

87
Q

conserved

A

changes slowly

88
Q

Two types of ER(endoplasmic reticulum)

A

-Smooth ER
-Rough ER

89
Q

Ribosomes

A

cellular machine found in all organisms;protiens are made here (protein synthesis)

90
Q

4 tpes of ribosomes

A

-RNA
-mRNA
-tRNA
-rRNA

91
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA, brings the proteins places

92
Q

rRNA

A

protein machine, assembles proteins

93
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

-proteins
-lipids
-carbohydrates

94
Q

nucleus and organelles are only found in _______ cells and not _____ or ______

A

found in eukarya and not found in bacteria or archaea

95
Q

taxanomy order

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

96
Q

eukaryote

A

with cells that have nuclei and membrane bound organlelles; has nucleus (humans)

97
Q

prokarypte

A

single celled organisms hat do not have nuclei surrounded by nucleus; no nucleus

98
Q

endocytosis=_______

A

phagocytosis

99
Q

verticle gene transfer

A

DNA inherited from parental organisms

100
Q

horozontal gene transfer

A

DNA aquired from unrelated individuals

101
Q

derived trait

A

present in organisms but was absent in the last common ancestor group

102
Q

basal trait

A

groups that have evolved from a more basal groupm

103
Q

monophyletic group

A

organisms that share a single ancestor

104
Q

taxanomy

A

classification system; classifying organisms

105
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history and relationships of an organism or group of organismsp

106
Q

phylogenic tree

A

diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationship among organisms or groups of organisms

107
Q

who created the phylogenic tree

A

Carl woese and Fox

108
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a new organism is produced from a single parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

109
Q

bacteria

A

small single-celled organisms.

110
Q
A

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