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Bio 112 1st exam Flashcards

1
Q

Vicariance

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when something 8n the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups

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2
Q

Variation

A

genetic differences among individuals in a population

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3
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

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4
Q

species

A

group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species

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6
Q

natural offspring

A

reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

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7
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of two closely related individuals, not of the same species

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8
Q

divergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point

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9
Q

dispersal

A

allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

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10
Q

convergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms independently evolve to similar forms

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11
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs via geographic speciation

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12
Q

adaptive radiation

A

speciation when one species radiates to form several other species

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13
Q

adaptation

A

heritable trait/behavior in an organism that aids in its survival and reproduction in its present environment

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14
Q

temporal isolation

A

differences in breeding schedules that can act as a form of prezygotic barrier leading to reproductive isolation

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15
Q

habitat isolation

A

reproductive isolation resulting when species populations move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the same species other populations

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16
Q

behavioral isolation

A

type of reproductive isolation that occurs when a specific behavior or lack of 1 prevents reproduction from taking place

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17
Q

postzygotic barrier

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs after zygote formation

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18
Q

gametic barrier

A

prezygotic barrier occurring when closely related individuals of different species mate, but differences in their gamete cells (egg and sperm) prevent fertilization from taking place

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19
Q

prezygotic behavior

A

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs before zygote formation

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20
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; behavior, location or reproductive barriers may cause this to happen

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21
Q

coevolution

A

occurs when 2 or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution through the process of natural selection

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22
Q

mean/average

A

the calculated value you get by adding up all the numbers in a set and dividing by the total number of numbers in that set

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23
Q

directional selection

A

selection that favors phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation

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24
Q

Phermones. what does pher mean…. what does hormon mean…

A

pher=carry, bear
hormon=excite

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25
realized niche
the part of the n- dimensional hyperspace to which a species is restricted due to competition
26
fundamental niche
the full extent of the n-dimensional hyperspace in the absence of competition
27
biotic
living
28
abiotic
non-living
29
Ecology!!!
the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment
30
subspecies!!!!!!
geographically and genetically distinct populations that can interbreed with other subspecies
31
the principle of divergence
phenotypic traits that tend to reduce competition-----limited ecological setting
32
inTERspecific competition
between, among
33
inTRAspecific competition
within, inside
34
transmissible
opportunity to pass traits on via reproduction or another form of gene transfer must exist
35
favorable
trait must be advantageous in the environment the organisms experiences
36
heritable
genetic basis
37
variable
within the population
38
In order for natural selection to act on a trait, the trait must be
-variable -heritable -favorable -transmissible
39
kinds of competition
-interspecific competition -intraspecific competition -the principle of divergence
40
synthetic theory of evolution
evolution is the change of gene frequencies in the gene pool of a species or a population (populations evolve)
41
natural selection acts on ______
individuals, and as a result, adaptive evolutionary change occurs in populations
42
inbreeding depression
if a family of carriers begins to interbreed with each other, this will dramatically increase the likelihood of two carriers mating and eventually producing diseased offspring
43
inbreeding
the mating of closely related individuals
44
genetic variance
the diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population
45
Heritability
phenotype variation that can attribute to genetic differences among individuals in a population
46
natural selection causes __________
the accumulation of new variations and the loss of unfavorable variables
47
what does fitness mean
reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment
48
ecotype
genetically and geographically distinct population adapted to specific environmental conditions
49
What was passed in 1972 due to increasing concerns among scientists and the public that significant declines in some species of marine mammals were caused by human activities
Marine Mammal Protection Act
49
Canis lubus albus
cani=a dog lup=a wolf alb=white
50
The environments of most organisms have been in ___________________ throughout geological time
constant change
51
Sigmoidal curve
curved in two directions like the letter 3
52
Aenocyon Dirus
Aeno= terrible cyn=dog dir= dreadful
53
Biogeography!!!!!!
the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in physical space through geological time
54
pleistocene
pleistos=most cene=new/recent
55
___________ and __________ share credit for Natural Selection!!!!!!!!!!!!
Darwin and Wallace
56
extinct
non-living
57
extant
living
58
gene pool
the sum of all of the alleles in a population
59
population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographic area and reproduce with each other
60
Inductive research
-bottom up approach -develops theories from observation -used in exploratory studies -flexible and adaptive to new findings -relies on qualitive analysis
61
Deductive research
-top-down approach -tests theories through observations -used in confirmatory studies -structured and systematic -relies more on quantative analysis
62
Ernst Mayors (1942) biological species conept
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
63
natural selection
provides a mechanism for evolutionary change
64
descent with modifications
establishes conditions for understanding biological evolution
65
natural selection results in!!!!!!!
adaptive change in allele frequencies within a population
66
analogous
not the same, convergent
67
adaptation
trait is favorable or not depends on environmental conditions the individual is currently experiencing
68
convergent evolution
when similar phenotypes evolve independently in distantly related species
69
divergent evolution
when populations or species that share a common ancestry accumulate genetic differences resulting from exposure to different environments, interactions with other organisms and for adaptive mutations
70
zygote
a diploid cell resulting in two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum
71
recessive allele
only will be carried if both traits are recessive
72
dominant allele
the trait will always be carried
73
locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
74
chromosome
structure within the nucleus that compromises chromatin that contains DNA, the heredity material
75
Gene
physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for proteins
76
allele
gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes
77
ploidy
the number of homologous chromosomes sets in a cell or organism
78
zygous
a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes
79
zygotes genome
a combination of the DNA in each gamete and contains all of the genetic information of a new induvial organism
80
Phenotype !!!!!!!!!!!!
observable traits expressed by an organism (genes+environment=phenotype)
81
Root EU=________
true
82
whos hypothesis was :eukaryota is comprised of 5-6 monophyletic groups"
Sandra Baldauf
83
Eukaryotic ribosomes are _________ than prokaryotic ribosomes !!!!!!!!!
Bigger
84
homologous
the same characteristic that was evolved through a common ancestor
85
most of the individual components of the ribosomes have _______ counterparts across all forms of it
equal/homologous
86
Highly conserved molecules (ribosomal RNA)
-if there is a mistake it will result in death -conserved
87
conserved
changes slowly
88
Two types of ER(endoplasmic reticulum)
-Smooth ER -Rough ER
89
Ribosomes
cellular machine found in all organisms;protiens are made here (protein synthesis)
90
4 tpes of ribosomes
-RNA -mRNA -tRNA -rRNA
91
tRNA
Transfer RNA, brings the proteins places
92
rRNA
protein machine, assembles proteins
93
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-proteins -lipids -carbohydrates
94
nucleus and organelles are only found in _______ cells and not _____ or ______
found in eukarya and not found in bacteria or archaea
95
taxanomy order
-domain -kingdom -phylum -class -order -family -genus -species
96
eukaryote
with cells that have nuclei and membrane bound organlelles; has nucleus (humans)
97
prokarypte
single celled organisms hat do not have nuclei surrounded by nucleus; no nucleus
98
endocytosis=_______
phagocytosis
99
verticle gene transfer
DNA inherited from parental organisms
100
horozontal gene transfer
DNA aquired from unrelated individuals
101
derived trait
present in organisms but was absent in the last common ancestor group
102
basal trait
groups that have evolved from a more basal groupm
103
monophyletic group
organisms that share a single ancestor
104
taxanomy
classification system; classifying organisms
105
phylogeny
evolutionary history and relationships of an organism or group of organismsp
106
phylogenic tree
diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationship among organisms or groups of organisms
107
who created the phylogenic tree
Carl woese and Fox
108
asexual reproduction
a new organism is produced from a single parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
109
bacteria
small single-celled organisms.
110

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