Bio 111 ch. 2

Question 1

What elements are found in all living organisms?

Answer 1

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

Question 2

what is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element’s chemical properties?

Answer 2

Atom

Question 3

What determines and atoms charge?

Answer 3

Electron

Question 4

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called…

Answer 4

Isotopes

Question 5

What are Radioisotopes?

Answer 5

They emit neutrons, protons, and electrons, to attain a more stable atomic configuration

Question 6

How are elements grouped?

Answer 6

According to chemical properties

Question 7

What are Cations?

Answer 7

positive ions formed by losing electrons

Question 8

What are Anions?

Answer 8

negative ions forms by gaining electrons

Question 9

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 9

form between opposite charges

Question 10

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 10

share electrons

Question 11

What are polar covalent bonds?

Answer 11

type of bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing resulting in creating slightly positive or negative charge

Question 12

Oxidation

Answer 12

loss of an electron (OIL)

Question 13

Reduction

Answer 13

gain of an electron (RIG)

Question 14

What is electronegativity?

Answer 14

ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

Question 15

Explain non-polar covalent bonds.

Answer 15

Type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

Question 16

Law of mass action

Answer 16

chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances

Question 17

hydrophilic

Answer 17

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

Question 18

hydrophobic

Answer 18

describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

Question 19

specific heat capacity

Answer 19

he amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

Question 20

Why does ice float?

Answer 20

As water cools bonds get stretched apart causing air pockets

Question 21

Adhesive

Answer 21

water sticks to other polar compounds

Question 22

Cohesion

Answer 22

one water molecule stays with another molecule

Question 23

What are properties of water

Answer 23

1. water has a high specific heat
2. water has a high heat of vaporization
3. soil water is less dense than liquid water
4. water is a good solvent
5. water organizes non polar molecules
6. water can form ion

Question 24

Greater H+ concentration

Answer 24

Lower the pH

Question 25

Lower H+

Answer 25

Higher the pH

Question 26

acid

Answer 26

releasing H+ into a solution pH drops: -H+ donor

Question 27

Base

Answer 27

absorb H+ out of solution H+ acceptors

Question 28

Buffer

Answer 28

substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions