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bio 111 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heritable change in a population time

A

Evolution

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2
Q

process in which indiviuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

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3
Q

a trait a current functional role int he life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

A

adaptation

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4
Q

similarity resulting from common ancestry

A

homology

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5
Q

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

A

homologous structures

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6
Q

are remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

A

vestigial structures

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7
Q

is the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

A

convergent evolution

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8
Q

Biogeography

A

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species

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9
Q

endemic

A

species are species that are not found anywhere else in the world

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10
Q

speciation

A

process by which one species splits into two or more species

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11
Q

microevolation

A

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

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12
Q

macroevolution

A

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

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13
Q

Biological species concept

A

group of the population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

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14
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

block fertilization from occurring by

-impeding different species from attempting to mate

-preventing the successful completion of mating

-hindering fertilization if mating is successful

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15
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

-prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

-reduced hybrid viability

-reduced hybrid

fertility

-hybrid breakdown

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16
Q

morphological species concept

A

defines a species by structural features

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17
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its ecological niche

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18
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, a single branch on a phylogenetic tree

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19
Q

allopatric speciation

A

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

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20
Q

sympatric speciation

A

takes place in populations that live in the same geographic area

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21
Q

Hybrid zones

A

is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

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22
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change a

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23
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

the punctuated pattern in the fossil record and evidence from lab studies suggest that speciation can be rapid

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24
Q

microevolution

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

25
Q

allele frequency

A

p + q = 1

26
Q

Genotypic frequency

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 =1

27
Q

Punctuated

A

quick and stable evolution

28
Q

Gradual

A

small changes

29
Q

how fast to make new species

A

form by punctate or gradual

30
Q

conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. no mutations
  2. random mating
  3. natural selection
  4. extremely large population size
  5. no gene flow
31
Q

3 major factors alter frequencies and bring about the most evolutionary change

A
  • natural selection

-genetic drift

-gene flow

32
Q

natural selection

A

differential success in reproduction results in certain alleles being passed to the next generation in greater proportions

33
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in allelic frequency due to chance

34
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

35
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles among populations

36
Q

directional selection

A

occurs when conditions favor individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

37
Q

disruptive selection

A

occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

38
Q

stabilizing selection

A

occurs when condition favor intermediate variants and act against extreme phenotypes

39
Q

balancing selection

A

natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

40
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes

41
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

when the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

42
Q

sexual selection

A

is the natural selection for mating success

43
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

44
Q

intrasexual selection

A

is competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

45
Q

intersexual selection

A

called mate choice occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

46
Q

phylogeny

A

is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

47
Q

systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

48
Q

taxonomy

A

the ordered division and naming of organisms

49
Q

binomial

A

two part scientific name of a species

50
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching

51
Q

convergent evolution

A

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar analogous adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

52
Q

shared ancestral character

A

is a character that originated in an ancestor of taxon

53
Q

shared derived character

A

is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

54
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

is the movement of genes from on genome to another

55
Q

prokaryotes

A

evolve first

56
Q

heterochrony

A

is an evolutionary change in the rate of the timing of developmental event

57
Q

the big five mass extinction events

A

5

58
Q

analogous

A

features in distantly related groups

59
Q

analogous traits

A

when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

bio 111 (1 decks)

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