bio 111

Question 1

heritable change in a population time

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

process in which indiviuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 2

natural selection

Question 3

a trait a current functional role int he life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

Answer 3

adaptation

Question 4

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Answer 4

homology

Question 5

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

Answer 5

homologous structures

Question 6

are remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

Answer 6

vestigial structures

Question 7

is the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

Answer 7

convergent evolution

Question 8

Biogeography

Answer 8

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species

Question 9

endemic

Answer 9

species are species that are not found anywhere else in the world

Question 10

speciation

Answer 10

process by which one species splits into two or more species

Question 11

microevolation

Answer 11

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

Question 12

macroevolution

Answer 12

refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

Question 13

Biological species concept

Answer 13

group of the population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 14

Prezygotic barriers

Answer 14

block fertilization from occurring by

-impeding different species from attempting to mate

-preventing the successful completion of mating

-hindering fertilization if mating is successful

Question 15

postzygotic barriers

Answer 15

-prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

-reduced hybrid viability

-reduced hybrid

fertility

-hybrid breakdown

Question 16

morphological species concept

Answer 16

defines a species by structural features

Question 17

ecological species concept

Answer 17

views a species in terms of its ecological niche

Question 18

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 18

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, a single branch on a phylogenetic tree

Question 19

allopatric speciation

Answer 19

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Question 20

sympatric speciation

Answer 20

takes place in populations that live in the same geographic area

Question 21

Hybrid zones

Answer 21

is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

Question 22

punctuated equilibria

Answer 22

periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change a

Question 23

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 23

the punctuated pattern in the fossil record and evidence from lab studies suggest that speciation can be rapid

Question 24

microevolution

Answer 24

change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Question 25

allele frequency

Answer 25

p + q = 1

Question 26

Genotypic frequency

Answer 26

p2 + 2pq + q2 =1

Question 27

Punctuated

Answer 27

quick and stable evolution

Question 28

Gradual

Answer 28

small changes

Question 29

how fast to make new species

Answer 29

form by punctate or gradual

Question 30

conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 30

1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. natural selection 4. extremely large population size 5. no gene flow

Question 31

3 major factors alter frequencies and bring about the most evolutionary change

Answer 31

- natural selection -genetic drift -gene flow

Question 32

natural selection

Answer 32

differential success in reproduction results in certain alleles being passed to the next generation in greater proportions

Question 33

Genetic drift

Answer 33

change in allelic frequency due to chance

Question 34

founder effect

Answer 34

a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

Question 35

gene flow

Answer 35

movement of alleles among populations

Question 36

directional selection

Answer 36

occurs when conditions favor individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

Question 37

disruptive selection

Answer 37

occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

Question 38

stabilizing selection

Answer 38

occurs when condition favor intermediate variants and act against extreme phenotypes

Question 39

balancing selection

Answer 39

natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Question 40

heterozygote advantage

Answer 40

heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes

Question 41

frequency-dependent selection

Answer 41

when the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

Question 42

sexual selection

Answer 42

is the natural selection for mating success

Question 43

sexual dimorphism

Answer 43

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

Question 44

intrasexual selection

Answer 44

is competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

Question 45

intersexual selection

Answer 45

called mate choice occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

Question 46

phylogeny

Answer 46

is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 47

systematics

Answer 47

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Question 48

taxonomy

Answer 48

the ordered division and naming of organisms

Question 49

binomial

Answer 49

two part scientific name of a species

Question 50

phylogenetic tree

Answer 50

systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching

Question 51

convergent evolution

Answer 51

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar analogous adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Question 52

shared ancestral character

Answer 52

is a character that originated in an ancestor of taxon

Question 53

shared derived character

Answer 53

is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Question 54

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 54

is the movement of genes from on genome to another

Question 55

prokaryotes

Answer 55

evolve first

Question 56

heterochrony

Answer 56

is an evolutionary change in the rate of the timing of developmental event

Question 57

the big five mass extinction events

Answer 57

5

Question 58

analogous

Answer 58

features in distantly related groups

Question 59

analogous traits

Answer 59

when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways