Bio 105 Exam 2 Flashcards
Which of the following statements concerning
development of antibiotic resistance is FALSE?
A. Resistant cells grow more efficiently and quickly than susceptible cells and will therefore always increase in a population once resistance is formed
B. Resistant cells grow less efficiently and more slowly than susceptible cells and will therefore decrease in a
population if antibiotic use is stopped
C. Resistant cells are normally the minority of a bacterial population
D. New resistance genes can be gained through transformation,
transduction, or conjugation
E. Resistance often comes from resistance genes
Resistant cells grow more efficiently and quickly than susceptible cells and will therefore always increase in a population once resistance is formed
Nipah virus outbreaks occurred after pig farms were set up near populations of wild bats. Bats ate fruit from trees and dropped virus-infected fruits down into pig pens. Pigs then became sick
and transmitted the virus to human care-givers. This fact shows that Nipah virus outbreaks are heavily dependent on which of the following factors that affect disease emergence?
A. Poverty and social
inequality
B. technology
C. Economic
development and
land use
D. Climate and
weather
Economic
development and
land use
One way to prevent a global pandemic
of avian flu would be to
A. Provide most people with drugs
to stimulate fever
B. Treat any infected birds with
large doses of antibiotics
C. Keep large doses of histamine
available to treat anyone who
shows signs of infection
D. Develop a vaccine against the
avian flu virus
E. Develop drugs that would
effectively block or stop
anaphylactic shock
Develop a vaccine against the
avian flu virus
Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are antiphagocytic factors, superantigen, kinase, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase. WHICH of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to hide from or avoid the immune system?
A. Hyaluronidase and
collagenase
B. Superantigen
C. Coagulase and
kinase
D. Antiphagocytic
factors
Coagulase and
kinase AND Antiphagocytic
factors
Read the following examples and consider
which is NOT an example of an emerging
disease?
A. Lymes disease increasing in
the US as more and more
people are in contact with
deer and their ticks
B. Guinea worm infection since
cases are going down due to
increased water filtration and
education
C. The rise of antibiotic resistant
strains of tuberculosis
bacteria
D. New diseases such as
HIV/AIDS that is currently
causing a global pandemic
Guinea worm infection since
cases are going down due to
increased water filtration and
education
Common ways that antibiotics target
bacterial cells include
A. Inhibition of cell
wall synthesis
B. Inhibition of protein
synthesis
C. Inhibition of nucleic
acid synthesis
D. All of the above are
common antibiotic
targets
All of the above are
common antibiotic
targets
Once antibiotic resistance is gained in one bacterial cell, it can spread to others in a population rapidly WITHOUT cell division. Which of the following is a means by which this spread could occur?
A. Transformation
B. Conjugation
C. Mutation
D. A and B are correct
A and B are correct
Reasons that antibiotic resistance is on the rise today includes
A. Doctors prescribing
antibiotics for viral
infections (overuse of
antibiotics)
B. Livestock fed antibiotics to
prevent infections and
help animals grow
stronger and faster
C. People not taking all of
their antibiotics or not
taking them as prescribed
D. All of the above are
correct
All of the above are
correct
Which of the following is transmitted by contamination/exposure to mucous
membranes as the portal of entry?
A. Trichomonas via
sexual contact
B. Warts by contact
with a fomite
C. Malaria transmitted
by mosquito
D. Hepatitis C
transmitted by
blood transfusion
Trichomonas via
sexual contact
Vaccination increases the number of
A. Antigens circulating in
the bloodstream
B. Antibodies and
lymphocytes with
receptors that can bind
to the pathogen
C. Phagocytic cells that are
specific for a certain
pathogen
D. Different receptors that
stabilize a pathogen
Antibodies and
lymphocytes with
receptors that can bind
to the pathogen
How can penicillin inhibit cell wall formation and
cause death of bacteria but leave the eukaryotic
host cells unharmed?
A. Penicillin does destroy the cell
wall of eukaryotes and that’s
why there are side effects to
this antibiotic
B. Eukaryotes actively pump
penicillin out of the cell by
production of an efflux pump
C. Eukaryotes produce
penicillinase and penicillinase
prevents penicillin from
causing damage to their cell
wall
D. Eukaryotic animal cells do not
have a cell wall
Eukaryotic animal cells do not
have a cell wall
The body’s adaptive immune defenses
against infection include
A. Barriers such as skin and
mucous membranes
B. Lymphocytes such as B
and T cells
C. Defensive proteins such
as interferons produced
by virus-infected cells
D. Phagocytic cells
E. Several nonspecific
antibodies
Barriers such as skin and
mucous membranes, Defensive proteins such
as interferons produced
by virus-infected cells, Phagocytic cells
A unique feature of the flu of 1918 was seen in
all of it’s victims. What was the unique feature?
A. Heliotrope cyanosis—a
blue discoloration of
the face and neck due
to low oxygen levels
B. Very high fever
C. Death within 48 hours
D. Wheezing and coughing
Heliotrope cyanosis—a
blue discoloration of
the face and neck due
to low oxygen levels
Killer T cells have attacked and destroyed a cluster of bacterial invaders. Upon looking at the destroyed bacterial cells, what do you see in the membrane and cell walls as a result of the T cell attack?
A. Attached antibodies
B. Perforin holes
C. Histamine
D. High levels of
interferons and
histamine
Perforin holes
Flu virus H1N3 is named as such
because of
A. The specific type of HA
and NA receptor spikes
found on the surface of
the virus
B. The type of hosts it can
infect
C. The form taken by the
genome (whether DNA or
RNA is the nucleic acid)
D. The timing of the
outbreak (if it is in spring
or fall)
The specific type of HA
and NA receptor spikes
found on the surface of
the virus
Which of the following statements
about antibodies is FALSE?
A. Antibody molecules are Y-
shaped and have two antigen
binding sites
B. Antibody molecules may flag
or tag a virus, bacterium, or
toxin for phagocytosis
C. Antibodies are nonspecific
and may bind to more than
one type of antigen
D. Antibody molecules may
block viral attachment to host
cells and cause clumping of
viral particles
Antibodies are nonspecific
and may bind to more than
one type of antigen
In which of the following does the placental
route serve as a portal of entry for disease
transmission?
A. A toxoplasmosis parasite
crosses from the mother to
the fetus
B. A person is contaminated
with HIV virus from a blood
transfusion
C. The flu virus is introduced to
the body when a person rubs
their eye with contaminated
fingers and the virus is
washed into the nasal cavity
by way of tears
D. Fungi digest the outer layer of
skin
A toxoplasmosis parasite
crosses from the mother to
the fetus
Which of the following is an immediate
effect of histamine release?
A. Fever and pain
B. The secondary
immune response
C. Constriction of local
blood vessels and
increase in blood
pressure
D. Dilation of local blood
vessels to allow fluid
and immune cells to
rush to the area
Dilation of local blood
vessels to allow fluid
and immune cells to
rush to the area
A patient comes into the hospital for lung nodules (precancerous lesions) and surgery to remove them. However, a day after the surgery, the patient develops a very high fever from a bacterial infection. This person has contracted a(n)
A. Urinary tract infection
from biofilm that
formed on a catheter
or tube
B. An infection caused
by malnutrition
C. A cardiac infection
D. A nosocomial
infection
A nosocomial
infection
Which age group had the highest mortality
(death) rate in the flu outbreak of 1918?
A. Elderly people died at
a higher rate
B. Young children died
at a higher rate
C. Healthy people in the
range of 18-25 died at
a higher rate
D. All age groups
suffered and died
equally
Healthy people in the
range of 18-25 died at
a higher rate
Type A flu can evolve through antigenic shift
while type B flu cannot. Why is it that only Type
A flu can undergo antigenic shift?
A. Type B flu infects birds,
pigs, and humans
B. Type A flu only infects
humans
C. Type A flu infects birds,
pigs, and humans
D. Cells infected with Type
A flu release interferons
Type A flu infects birds,
pigs, and humans
A newborn that is accidentally given a drug
that destroys the thymus would most likely
A. Lack innate immunity
B. Be unable to
differentiate and
mature T cells
C. Have a reduced
number of B cells and
be unable to form
antibodies
D. Have a compromised
humoral response
Be unable to
differentiate and
mature T cells
When the balance between host and microbe is tipped in favor of the microbe, results.
A. Attachment of the
phage
B. Infectious disease
C. Anaphylactic shock
D. Toxin production
Infectious disease
Typhoid Mary unknowingly infected many people with Typhoid bacteria. What was the route of transmission when Mary cooked and spread the typhoid bacteria?
A. Fecal-oral route
B. Bacteria from feces
contaminated Mary’s
hands and she passed
the bacteria to others
when she cooked for
them
C. Waterborne route
D. Airborne route
Fecal-oral route - Bacteria from feces
contaminated Mary’s
hands and she passed
the bacteria to others
when she cooked for
them
