Bio 104 Chap 2 Flashcards
All sodium atoms have 11 protons. The nuclei of some sodium atoms contain 12 neutrons and others contain 11. These different forms of sodium are called ______
Isotopes
The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is ______
Acidic
The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H* and OH- is _____
Neutral
The term for a solution with a high pH number such as ammonia or bleach, is _______
Basic
An acid is a compound that donates ____ to a solution
H+
The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of _____ in a solution
OH-
A substance that accepts H* when they are in excess and donates H* when their concentration drops is called a(n) ______
Buffer
What makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins?
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function
What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?
Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another.
The four classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include _______
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Food processors are phasing out the use of which types of fats because research has shown them to be particularly unhealthy?
Saturated fats and trans fats
Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of ______
molecules
Glucose
A (n) ____ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
Ionic
Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge, due to the loss or a gain of one or more electrons are _____
Ions
A (n) ______ bond involves the sharing of electrons pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond
Covalent
When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ____ bond is formed
Single
When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a _____ bond is formed
Double
A _____ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two
atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge
Polar
Atoms involved in a _____ bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the
molecule.
Nonpolar
A weak bond called a _____ bond results from an attraction between slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule
Hydrogen
A(n) ______ is a molecule that can bind to an enzyme and prevent the enzyme from working.
There are two types: a(n) _______ binds to the active site of the enzyme; a(n)
_______ binds elsewhere on the enzyme.
inhibitor
competitive inhibitor
noncompetitive inhibitor
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ________ , which allows the reaction to proceed much more quickly.
activation energy
The specific location within an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is called the _______
active site
During an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of ______ binds to the enzyme and is broken down
into one or more molecules of ______, which are released.
substrate
product
Lactose takes years to break down on its own. But if exposed to the protein lactase, the reaction
proceeds very quickly, while lactase itself remains unchanged. Lactase is an example of a(n) ______
enzyme
_______ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical
properties of an element and its place in the periodic table
Atomic number
The number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, represented as an average of all naturally occurring
forms of the element, is known as ______
Atomic weight
________ also called micronutrients, are any chemical element required by living organisms in miniscule amounts, but cells require them to survive
Trace element
_______ is one of the four elements that make up 96.3% of living cells
Nitrogen
_______ is one of the seven elements that make up a small fraction, approximately 3.7%, of living cells
Calcium
______ is one of the fourteen trace elements and is a component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins.
Zinc
H SO, sulfuric acid, contains three different types of atoms: hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). Each of these atoms represents a different compound
Since the three types are combined in a
fixed ratio, this means that H/SO is a(n) product
H2SO4, sulfuric acid, contains three different types of atoms: hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). Each of these atoms represents a different ________. Since the three types are combined in a
fixed ratio, this means that H2SO4 is a(n) ________
Element
Compound
The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ______
Atom
______ is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance.
Matter
The scientific study of matter is called ____
Chemistry
Within a plant, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be combined (using the energy of sunlight) to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). If you were to write out this chemical
reaction, water and carbon dioxide are each an example of a(n) ______ while glucose and oxygen are each an example of a(n) ______
Reactant
Product
If two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) _____
Molecule
