BIO 104 - Animals (Chapter 33)

Question 1

General features of animals:

Answer 1

Heterotrophy, Multicellular, No cell walls, Active Movement, Diversity of Form, Diversity of Habit, Sexual Reproduction, Tissues, Evolved from Protist.

Question 2

Kingdom Matazoa

Answer 2

Multicellular Animals

Question 3

5 Key transitions can be noted in animal evolution:

Answer 3

1. Evolution of Symmetry
2. Evolution of Tissues
3. Evolution of Body Cavity
4. Evolution of Difference in Developmental Patterns
5. Evolution of Segmentation

Question 4

Evolution of Symmetry

Answer 4

Sponges lack any definite symmetry. (classified in the Phylum Parazoa) beside animals

Question 5

Eumeatzoa

Answer 5

Have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animals body.

Question 6

2 main types of symmetry:

Answer 6

1. Radial Symmetry

2. Bilateral Symmetry

Question 7

Eumatazoa

Answer 7

True Multicellular Animals

Question 8

Radial Symmetry

Answer 8

“Primitive” form of parts radiate out from the body of the animal.

Question 9

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 9

Transverse Plane Cut, Posterior Cut, Sagittal Plane Cut

Question 10

Bilateral Symmetrical Animals:

Answer 10

Have two main advantages over radially symmetrical animals:

1. Cephalization
2. Greater Mobility

Question 11

Parazoa

Answer 11

(Sponges) The simplest animals that lack defined tissues and organs.

Question 12

Sponges

Answer 12

Have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells.

Question 13

Eumetazoa

Answer 13

(All other animals) have distinct and well defined tissues.

Question 14

They lack definite symmetry.

Answer 14

Sponges

Question 15

They have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animals body.

Answer 15

Eumetazoa

Question 16

Evolution of a definite brain area.

Answer 16

Cephalization

Question 17

Bilateral symmetrical animals have what to main advantages over radially symmetrical animals?

Answer 17

Cephalization and Greater Mobility

Question 18

Evolution of Tissue

Answer 18

Have irreversible differentiation for most cell types.

Question 19

Evolution of a Body Cavity

Answer 19

3 Germ Layers produced by Eumetazoa:

1. Outer Ectoderm
2. Middle Mesoderm
3. Inner Endoderm

Question 20

What is the space surrounding the mesoderm tissue that is formed during development?

Answer 20

Body Cavity

Question 21

3 Kinds of basic Body Plants

Answer 21

1. A coelomates
2. Pseudo coelomates
3. Coelomates

Question 22

A coelomates

Answer 22

“A” meaning No -> No body cavity

Question 23

Pseudo coelomates

Answer 23

“Pseudo” meaning False -> Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm. (called the pseudo coelom)

Question 24

Coelomates

Answer 24

Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm. (called the coelom)

Question 25

Difference in Developmental Pattern

Answer 25

Blastula -> opening to the outside | Archenteron -> Primitive body cavity

Question 26

Mitotic cell divisions of the egg form a hollow ball of cells called the blastula is called the...

Answer 26

Basic Pattern

Question 27

Bilaterian patterns can be divided into two groups:

Answer 27

1. Protostomes 2. Deuterostomes * *know figure 33.4 on PG. 641**

Question 28

Protostomes

Answer 28

Develop the mouth first from or near the blastopore.

Question 29

Deuterostomes

Answer 29

Develop the anus first from the blastopore.

Question 30

What are the 3 ways that Deuterostomes differ from Protostomes in the fundamental embryological features?

Answer 30

1. Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells 2. Developmental fate of cells 3. Coelom type

Question 31

Evolution of Segmentation

Answer 31

Segmentation provides 2 advantages: 1. Allows redundant organ system 2. Allows for more efficient and flexible movement.

Question 32

Kingdom Animilia (Metazoa)

Answer 32

Phylum Poriferans and Placozoans | **Do NOT have tissues

Question 33

Phylum Poriferans

Answer 33

Considered the "Have Nots" of the animal kingdom. (Sponges) Animals that lack tissues (and organs) and have a definite symmetry. (Asymmetrical)

Question 34

Poriferans

Answer 34

Most abundant animals in the deep ocean.

Question 35

Porifera

Answer 35

"Pore bearer"

Question 36

Adult poriferans are considered what type of feeder?

Answer 36

Sessile filter feeders. | Sessile-> "non-motile"

Question 37

Larval Sponges

Answer 37

Free swimming

Question 38

Porifeans have 3 cell layers:

Answer 38

1. Epidermal 2. Amoebocytes 3. Choanocytes

Question 39

Epidermal Cell Layer

Answer 39

The outer epithelial wall. Water comes in the Ostia, exits the Osculum.

Question 40

Amoebocytes - Mesophyll

Answer 40

Middle layer (gelatinous matrix). Transports nutrients, evolved in sexual reproduction and secret spicules.

Question 41

Choanocytes - Inner Surfaces

Answer 41

Collar cells, flagellated (water circulation), face internal cavity, engulf and digest food from passing water.