BIO 103 EXAM 2 Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Building and breaking down of complex molecules. Chemical reactions in cell. Either consume or generate energy.
What are the types of metabolic pathways, with equations?
Anabolic (small molecules built into large ones)
- Photosynthesis
- 6CO2+6H2O+energy–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Catabolic
- Respiration
- C6H12O6+ 6O2–> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
What are Enzymes? Their role in metabolic reactions?
Enzymes are catalysts, (molecules that speed up biochemical reactions)
They bind to substrate, make the bond breaking and forming process easier.
What is the process by which a competitive enzyme inhibitor works?
An inhibitor molecule with a similar shape to the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, prohibits the reactants from binding, no reaction occurs.
What is the process by which a non-competitive inhibitor works?
Inhibiting molecule binds to enzyme at other location. Changes shape of enzyme, shape of active site is changed. Reaction does not occur.
What is ATP? What is its role?
- Energy currency for cells
-Used in biological activity. ATP converted to ADP.
What metabolic process results in the production of ATP?
Aerobic respiration
What are Autotrophs?
An organism that uses energy (light or chemical) to convert inorganic C to glucose.
What are Heterotrophs?
Obtain organic carbon and nutrients by consuming other organisms.
Glycolysis. Why, where, and under what conditions?
- Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
- In cytoplasm
Citric Acid Cycle. Why, where, and under what conditions?
- Production of NADH and FADH2
- In Mitochondria
Fermentation. Why, where, and under what conditions?
- metabolism of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
Light Cycle of Photosynthesis. Why, where, and under what conditions?
- Produces ATP and NAPH
- In thylakoid membranes
Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis. Why, where, and under what conditions?
- 3-C molecule converted to glucose
- stroma of chloroplast
What kind of adaptations might plants use to exploit the variation in light availability in different environments?
Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA? Where are they found in eukaryotic cell?
- DNA, deoxyribose, base pair, Double-stranded sugar phosphate, THYMINE
- RNA, Ribose, single nucleobase, Single-stranded sugar phosphate, URACIL
Describe the structure of the DNA?
Double stranded sugar phosphate, has base pairs,
What are the steps in Gene expression/ Central Dogma? Main feature of each step.
REPLICATION
- DNA replicates
TRANSCRIPTION
- RNA Polymerase “writes down” the genetic recipe from the DNA onto the RNA
Messenger RNA carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome
TRANSLATION
- occurs in cytoplasm
Ribosome reads mRNA
tRNAs enter the ribosome and produces a protein
Where in the cell do the different steps of the central dogma occur?
Replication
- occurs in nucleus
Transcription
- Occurs in nucleus
Translation
- occurs in cytoplasm outside the nucleus
What is the role of mRNA in the Central Dogma?
Messenger RNA that carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome
What is the role of ribosomes in the Central Dogma?
Ribosomes read the mRNA
What is the difference between codons and anti-codons? Where is each one found?
CODON (START AND STOP)
- Sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
- Found on mRNA
ANTICODON
- Found on tRNA which pair with the mRNA codon to make the start/stop not work
What is the purpose of mitosis? Where does it occur?
- Replication of cells
- ONLY IN EUKARYOTES
What is the purpose of meiosis? Where does it occur?
- type of nuclear division that leads to a halving of chromosome #, production of gametes
- Takes place only in germline cells
