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Bio 102 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biospheere

A

Deals with life on a global scale

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2
Q

Ecosystem

A

A distict geographical region ex) tropical rain forest

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3
Q

Biota

A

Living things

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4
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving things

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5
Q

Community

A

all of the living species within an ecosystem

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6
Q

Population

A

a group of interacting individuals belonging to the same species.

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7
Q

Organisms

A

Individual Organism

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8
Q

System

A

groups of organs that work together to achieve a common fuction

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9
Q

Organ

A

a structure composed of numerous tissues that work together

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10
Q

Tissue

A

a sheet of cells that fuction together

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11
Q

Cell

A

the basic unit of life

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12
Q

Organelles

A

cellular components

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13
Q

Molecules

A

chemical components of an organelle.

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14
Q

Cellularity

A

all organisms are comprised of cells

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15
Q

Reproduction

A

all organisms are capible of producting offspring

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16
Q

Nutritional Requirements

A

all organisms require nutrients(glucose)

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17
Q

Irritabilty

A

alll organisms rerspont to stimuli

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18
Q

Homeostaisis

A

all organisms change in order to remain the smae

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19
Q

Autotrophic

A

self feeders ex) photosynthesis

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20
Q

Heterotropic

A

Feeding from a different source

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21
Q

Mutation

A

all organisms experience changes in their genetic material

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

all species experience the evolution of features that better equaip them for survival.

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23
Q

Taxonomy

A

Scence dealing with the naming and classification of organisms

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24
Q

Robert Wittaker

A

developed the presently used 5 kingdom system

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25
Q

Kingdom Monea

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria, Unicellular, Prokaryotic, Some species are motile, Cell walls of peoptidoglycan

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26
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Mostly unicellular, Eukaryotic, Algae is autotrophic, Some species are motile

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27
Q

Kingdom Fugi

A

Mostly multicellular, Eukaryotic, Non-motile, Autotrophic

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28
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophic, Non-motile

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29
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic, Motile at some poin in their lives.

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30
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotes, “contemperary bacteria”

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31
Q

Domain Archaea

A

“Ancient” bacteria, Contains bacteria today that are only found in extreme environmental conditions

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32
Q

Domain Eukary

A

Contains all eukaryotic organisms

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33
Q

Classification order

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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34
Q

nomenclature

A

way of naming

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35
Q

First name/ Second name

A

genus /species

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36
Q

Bionomial nomenclaute

A

should be italicized First letter should be capitilized Homo sapiencs

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37
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of sepcies

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38
Q

Fossils

A

a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past

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39
Q

Biogeography

A

the geographic distribution of past and present species

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40
Q

Pangea split into 2 landmasses

A

northern-Laurasia southern-Gondwana

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41
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor

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42
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

identifying similar features shared by different species

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43
Q

Homologus structures

A

structures that are similar in structure and function and have shared ancestry

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44
Q

Analogous sturctures

A

structures that have a similar function for two different organisms but differ somewhat structurally

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45
Q

Comparative embryology

A

identifying similarites in embryos of differetn species

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46
Q

Comparative biochemistry

A

similarities in the biochemical molecules of 2 different species

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47
Q

Monophyletic

A

Whole block

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48
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Arm

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49
Q

Poyphyletic

A

Top portion

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50
Q

Cladogram

A

Diagonal

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51
Q

Phylogram

A

genetic changes

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52
Q

Viral genome

A

contains nucleic acid

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53
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell enclosing genome

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54
Q

Capsomeres

A

protein subunits of the viral capsid

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55
Q

Viral encelope

A

membranous coveing over capsids with glycoprotein receptors

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56
Q

Tobacco Mosaic virus

A

First Virus discovered

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57
Q

Adenoviruses

A

icosahedron

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58
Q

Influenza virs

A

8 different RNA molecules

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59
Q

Bacteriophages (T4)

A

most comples of all viral capsids

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60
Q

Adolf Mayer

A

studied diseased tobacco plants , demonstrated transmission by rubbing spa from diseased leaves to healty ones, assubed agent was small bacteria

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61
Q

Dimitry Ivanowsky

A

Applied sap from diseased leaves to healthy leaves

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62
Q

Martinus Beijerink

A

The man who first gave the name virus

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63
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Crystallized the infections particle and identified it structure

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64
Q

Electron Microsophy

A

allowed form conformation of TMV structure and the identification of ther virusess

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65
Q

Lytic cycle

A

where the sopres explode

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66
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Where the cell is denatured

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67
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

degrade the phage DNA when injected by the bacteriophage

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68
Q

Class 1

A

ds DNA

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69
Q

Class 2

A

ss DNA

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70
Q

Class 3

A

ds RNA

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71
Q

Class IV

A

ss Rna ( RNA serves directly as mRNA when in host cell)

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72
Q

Class V`

A

ssRNA (RNA used as a template for mRNA synthesis in host cell)

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73
Q

Class IV

A

ss RNA used as a template for DNA synthesis

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74
Q

what enzyme molecule in HIV allows for the host cell to produce DNA from viral RNA

A

reverse transcriptace

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75
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

infections that arise secondarily due to increased viral and low helper T-cell levels

76
Q

Viroids

A

infections circular RNA molecules

77
Q

Prions

A

Infections protein molecules

78
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies

A

BSE = mad cow disease , Scrapie- Identified in cheep , Wasting disease- identified in mule

79
Q

Coccuss

A

Spherical

80
Q

Bacillus

A

rod-like

81
Q

spiral

A

curve like

82
Q

Vibrio

A

comma shaped(1 curve)

83
Q

Spirilla

A

S shaped (2 cureves)

84
Q

Spirochete

A

cork screw

85
Q

Diplo

A

2 cells attatched

86
Q

Strepto

A

Chain of cells

87
Q

staphylo

A

grape-like cluster of cells

88
Q

tetrad

A

4 cells attatched

89
Q

Capsule

A

jelly-like outer coating

90
Q

Cell wall

A
  • protective covering of peptidoglycanan
91
Q

Plasma (cell) membran

A

primarily phospholipid bilayer with no cholestoral

92
Q

Chromosome

A

primary genetic material DNA

93
Q

Plasmid

A

additional DNA arranged in small cirvles

94
Q

Ribosomes

A

four protien synnthesis

95
Q

Flagella

A

for locomotion

96
Q

Pili (Fimbraie)

A

hair-like extensions

97
Q

Indigo blue

A

capsule staining

98
Q

Grahm +

A

bacteria within the cell wall consisting of multple layers of peptidoglycan , VIOLET

99
Q

Grahm -

A

Bacteria with cell wall cnsisting of few layers of peptidoglycan, RED

100
Q

Lophotrichous

A

one end

101
Q

Amphitrichous

A

both sides

102
Q

Peritrichous

A

any part

103
Q

Endospores

A

thick-coated, resisstant cell produced by certain bacteria when exposed to harsh conditions

104
Q

Vegitative Cycle

A

nothing happens

105
Q

Sporulation

A

Mom blows up

106
Q

Replication fork

A

Replicated the bacterial chromosome

107
Q

transformation

A

a change in genortype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell

108
Q

Robert Griffen

A

first preformed Transformation

109
Q

Transduction

A

a dna transfer process in which bacteriphages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another

110
Q

R-Strain

A

Rough cells non-pathogenic

111
Q

S-Strain

A

Smooth cells- pathogenic

112
Q

Conjuction

A

The direct transfer of DNA b/w 2 bacterial cells that are

113
Q

Energy

A

Phot- uses Light / Chemo - uses organic or inorganic molecules

114
Q

Carbon

A

Auto- cuses carbon dioxide Hetero- uses organic compounds

115
Q

photoautotroph

A

Light Co2

116
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Inorganic chemicals CO@

117
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Light Organic Compounds

118
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organic Compounds

119
Q

Saprobes

A

Source of organic cmpounds dead animals

120
Q

Parasites

A

Another living organism

121
Q

Methanogens

A

Methane

122
Q

Sulfur-Fixing bacteria

A

Sulfate

123
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Nitrate

124
Q

Acidophiles

A

Ph <6

125
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cold loving

126
Q

Mesophiles

A

Moderate temp loving

127
Q

Thermophiles

A

Heat loving

128
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Blue green algie

129
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Light + organic compounds

130
Q

Heterocysts

A

fix nitrogen

131
Q

Halophiles

A

Salt

132
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Use oxygen for cellular respiration

133
Q

Faculative anerobes

A

Can only use oxigen if present but can preform fermintation

134
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Preform only fermentation

135
Q

ioremediation

A

the use of living oganisms to detoxify the earth

136
Q

Decomposition

A

the break down of dead organic matter and the recycling of inorganic nutrients

137
Q

Sybiosis

A

the relationship where 2 organisms coexist

138
Q

Mutualsim

A

both benifit

139
Q

Commensalism

A

one benefits the 2nd is not affected

140
Q

Parasitism

A

One benifits, the second is harmed

141
Q

Genetic engineering

A

the direct manipulation of genes fro practical ppurposes

142
Q

Causes tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

143
Q

Causes cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

144
Q

Lyme disease

A

Caused by borrlia burgdorferi

145
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

146
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Nisseria gonorrhoeae

147
Q

Chlamydia

A

Chlamydia trochamatis

148
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillis anthracis

149
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

150
Q

Endotoxins

A

Released when bacteria die

151
Q

Exotoxin

A

released by living bacteria and can persist even whe nbbcteria are gone

152
Q

Food spoling

A

the natural decay of food by bacteria

153
Q

Food posioning

A

the release of toxins by bacteria during the decaying process

154
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

introduced endosybiotic theory

155
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

explains the evolution of original eukaryotes from prokaryotes

156
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

the evolution of the divers protistan lineages

157
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

studies suggest that all plastids evolved from a gram-negatice cyanobacterium

158
Q

Phylum Diplomonadid

A

2 equally sized nuclei, DDiplomonads

159
Q

Parabasala

A

parabasalids, parasites or mutualistic sybinents

160
Q

Kinetoplastida

A

heterotrophic, undulating membreane

161
Q

Euglenophyta

A

mixotrophic, chloroplast with primary chlorophylls

162
Q

Alveolates

A

sacuse under the plasm membran that regulate water

163
Q

Dinoflagellata

A

perpendicular grooves armored body

164
Q

Pfiesteria shumwayae,

A

beating of the spiral flagellum

165
Q

ampicomplexa

A

unicelluare parasites of vetebrates, comples life cycle within hosts and vectors, produce spores

166
Q

Ciliophora

A

Oral groove , macronuleus, micronucles, vaclues

167
Q

Stramenophiles

A

One hairy leg

168
Q

OOmycota

A

aquatic water molds, heterotrophic

169
Q

Bacillariophyta

A

majority of plankton, unique shapes and designs

170
Q

Chrysophyta

A

Golden algae

171
Q

Phaelophyta

A

Brown alge

172
Q

Amoebozoans

A

feed by phagocytosis use pseudopodia for movemet

173
Q

Gymnamoeba

A

Naked dad shelled free-living amoebas, Proad pseudopodia for movement, feed by phagocytosis, large nucleus

174
Q

Entamoeba

A

parasitic amoebast, pseudopodia for movement, feed by phagocytosis

175
Q

entamoeba historlyitca

A

causes amebic dysentery through contaminated drinking water

176
Q

Myxogastria

A

plasmodia slime molds, brightly colored yellow or orange

177
Q

Dictyostelida

A

Cellular slime molds, terrestrial and heterotrophic

178
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Red algae, multicellular, 4000 species,

179
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae, unicellular and multicellular 7000 species

180
Q

Volvox

A

colony is a hollow ball wihc is comprised of hundreds of biflagulated cells

181
Q

What term refers to a highly organized mass of DNA contained within a large mitochondrion that can be seen in organisms such as Trypanosoma?

A

Kinetoplas

182
Q

Which specific term refers to the interlocking protein strips that cover the body of a euglenid?

A

Pellicle

183
Q

hich specific cellular form of Plasmodium vivaxis release from ruptured liver cells and targets red blood cells?

A

Merozoite

184
Q

During Paramecium conjugation, what is exchanged between the two temporarily joined individuals?

A

Micronuclei

185
Q

Which specific substance comprises the cell walls of organisms in Phylum Phaeophyta?

A

Algin

Bio 102 Test (1 decks)

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