Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 > Bio 101 Test 2 > Flashcards

Bio 101 Test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification, organisms evolve over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Darwin observe while on his voyage that initiated his ideas about evolution?

A

Closely related species have different shapes and ecological roles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was Darwin influenced by?

A

Georges-Louis Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, George Cuvier, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Lyell, Thomas Malthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Georges-Louis Buffon

A

proposed organisms change with migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

formulated one of the first formal theories on evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

George Cuvier

A

established extinction as fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

proposed evolution via inheritance of acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Charles Lyell

A

geologist who proposed uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

economist who recognized that populations grow faster than food production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who else besides Darwin proposed evolution?

A

Erasmus Darwin-proposed one of the first theories

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- proposed also an evolution theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lamarck’s theory of evolution

A

The giraffe neck theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does natural selection cause evolution?

A

Natural selection is the differential survival &/or reproduction of organisms whose genetic traits better adapt them to a particular environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three conditions that must exist for natural selection to occur?

A

Variation exists for a trait
Variation results in differential fitness
Variation is inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fitness

A

the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Special types of selection

A

Artificial selection- selection occurs because of humans

Sexual selection- members of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which type of selection is responsible for divergence of a single species into two?

A

Disruptive Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

Allows prediction of genotype frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 5 Assumptions

A 
No mutation takes place.
No genes are transferred to or from other sources.
Random mating is occurring.
The population size is very large.
No natural selection occurs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the five mechanisms of evolution are random?

A

Genetic Drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the five mechanisms of evolution always result in adaptation?

A

gene flow, mutation,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to tell if a situation is HWE

A

If a population is in HWE, it is not evolving.

If a population is not in HWE, it is evolving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain in words what q2, q, p, p2 and 2pq represent.

A 
p2 = individuals homozygous for first allele
2pq = individuals heterozygous for both alleles
q2 = individuals homozygous for second allele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How genetic drift results in evolution

A

Could just be a bug getting stepped on or eaten by a predator.

24
Q

Compare and contrast the founder effect and the bottleneck effect.

A

Founder effect-When organisms go somewhere with no same species and with the alleles they have they procreate
Bottleneck effect- Drastic reduction in population

25
Q

What effect does natural selection have on variation within a population?

A

Negative frequency-dependent natural selection

26
Q

What effect do each of the 5 mechanisms of evolution have on variation within a population?

A

Mutation is the ultimate source of variation
Gene flow increases variation
Non random mating decreases variation
Genetic drift-population decreases while allele freq increases
Natural selection increases

27
Q

How is variation maintained in populations

A

Changes in strength or direction of natural selection

Heterozygote advantage

28
Q

What are two evolutionary mechanisms that can increase variation in a population?

A

Mutation, natural selection

29
Q

Explain at least three reasons that evolution does not result in perfect organisms

A

Variation doesn’t exist
Pleiotropy when a single gene controls multiple traits
Gene interactions- when a trait is controlled by one or more gene
Environment changes, what’s needed to survive changed

30
Q

If a population has no genetic variation, can it evolve?

A

No it cannot

31
Q

What are some modern examples of evidence for evolution by natural (or artificial) selection?

A

Galapagos finches, domestication of silver foxes

32
Q

What are the 4 types of evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil record
Anatomical/ morphological
Molecular
Biogeographical

33
Q

What are the 3 types of anatomical evidence for evolution?

A

homologous structures
development
vestigial

34
Q

What can we learn from the fossil record?

A

extinct species, paleontology

35
Q

Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures. Which provide evidence for common ancestry?

A

Analogous- adaptions to a similar environment but from distantly related organisms
Homologous-structures with different appearances and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor

36
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Some plants and animals have similar appearance but are only distantly related

37
Q

Macroevolution

A

major change, any evolutionary change at or above the level of species

38
Q

Microevolution

A

small change, any evolutionary change under the level of species

39
Q

What are two examples of macroevolution from class?

A

Evolution of dinosaurs

40
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”

41
Q

How do we define a species?

A

A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

42
Q

How are organisms named and described/classified in biology?

A

Taxonomy

43
Q

What are the mechanisms of reproductive isolation?

A 
Prezygotic
Prevent the formation of a zygote
Mechanical
Gametic
Chromosomal
Temporal
Behavioral
Ecological
Geological

Postzygotic
Occur after formation of a zygote
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid infertility

44
Q

How do these mechanisms of reproductive isolation contribute to speciation?

A

Cladogenesis- which can be Allopatric speciation involves geographical isolation
or Sympatric speciation does not involve geographical isolation

45
Q

How does geography relate to speciation?

A

Given time, any two isolated populations will diverge because of genetic drift and/or natural selection

46
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which geographically isolated populations diverge into new species?

A

Genetic drift and natural selection

47
Q

What is polyploidy? How is it related to speciation?

A

cells of an organism have more than two paired sets of chromosomes
More common in plants (30-80% of flowering plants)
Occurs infrequently in fish, insects, and amphibian

48
Q

How sympatric speciation occurs

A

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

49
Q

How sympatric speciation occurs

A

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

50
Q

What is character displacement and how does it relate to speciation?

A

selection acting to lessen resource competition or reproductive interactions causes sympatric species

51
Q

What are the two models for the rate at which speciation occurs? How are they different from one another?

A

Gradualism is the traditional view

Punctuated equilibrium involves periods of stasis

52
Q

What is adaptive radiation? How do new species arise in adaptive radiation?

A 
is the rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches.
Key innovation
Release from competition
Colonization
Extinctions
Character displacement
53
Q

What are the two types of extinction? How are they different from one another?

A

Background extinction - natural part of evolution

Mass extinction- catastrophic event

54
Q

How does the rate of extinction compare to the rate of speciation in earth’s history?

A

The rate of extinction is faster

55
Q

Does evolution always take a long time?

A

Not in all cases but most yes

Biology 101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions