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BIO 101 Practical I > BIO 101 Practical 1 > Flashcards

BIO 101 Practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to the field of view if you decrease magnification?

A

The field of view increase

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2
Q

Define Resolving Power (Resolution).

A

Ability of a lens to distinguish between small objects close together

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3
Q

Why are dyes used for microscopy work?

A

to increase contrast

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4
Q

Difference between stereoscope and compound light microscope.

A

Stereoscope - used to look at larger objects: 3D image, low magnification, high resolution, visible light, no mounting required. Compound: 2D image, magnification is adjustable, low resolution, visible light, glass slide mounting.

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5
Q

Why do you want to use the scanning objective to find what you are looking for?

A

Because at the scanning objective, you are at the lowest magnification, so you are able to locate and focus what you are trying to see a lot easier whereas if it were at a higher magnification, the amount of object you can see decreases so it is a lot harder to find.

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6
Q

How should you place your hands in order to hold the microscope in a safe manner?

A

Arm: Dominant hand Base: Other hand

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7
Q

Why do you lower the coverslip at an angle when making a wet mount?

A

To prevent air bubbles from forming

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8
Q

How do you determine the total magnification?

A

Ocular Power X Objective Power = Total Magnification

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9
Q

Would you use the course objective focus knob with the microscope set to 40X objective?

A

No, you would use the fine focus knob. Coarse-focusing knob is used when using 4x and 10x. Fine-focusing knob is used for high power or oil immersion.

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10
Q

With which objectives do you use the fine focus knob?

A

All of the objectives

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11
Q

With which objective do you use the course objective knob?

A

4x and 10x

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12
Q

What is the total magnification when using the low power objective?

A

Low power = 10x Oculars = 10x Total = 100X

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13
Q

What happens to the diameter of the field if you decrease magnification?

A

If you increase magnification, the diameter of the field increases.

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14
Q

What magnification is the scanning objective lens?

A

4x

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15
Q

What magnification is the low power objective lens?

A

10x

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16
Q

What magnification is the high dry objective lens?

A

40x

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17
Q

What magnification is the oil immersion objective lens?

A

100x

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18
Q

Working Distance

A

The distance from the end of the objective to the specimen that is on the stage.

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19
Q

Diameter of Field

A

the number of mm or micrometers seen in your field of view when looking into the oculars.

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20
Q

Field of View

A

amount of object you can see; decreases with increasing magnification

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21
Q

Why is a compound microscope used?

A

Used to observe microscopic objects that are too small to see with our own eyes

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22
Q

Why is a stereo microscope used?

A

To get a better look at a larger or opaque object

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23
Q

What does a hypothesis become if it has been supported through experimentation and/or observation?

A

A theory

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24
Q

Which type of measurement involves how much space an object occupies?

A

Volume

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25
Q

Put 0.00789 into scientific notation.

A

7.89 x 10^(-3)

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26
Q

Why is the control group important for an experiment?

A

To compare the other variables that are being tested against to; to make sure there are no other factors that can effect the experiment other than those being tested.

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27
Q

What is the base metric unit for measure length?

A

Meter

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28
Q

What is the base metric unit for measuring volume?

A

Liter

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29
Q

What is the base metric unit for measuring mass?

A

Gram

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30
Q

You have results of 9, 5, 12, 3, 4, 8. What is the range?

A

12-3 = 9

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31
Q

Which variable is the object of study in an experiment?

A

Independent Variable (x-axis)

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32
Q

Convert 1 meter into kilometers.

A

1 meter = 0.001 kilometers

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33
Q

What is the difference between weight and mass?

A

Mass is the measurement for the amount of matter in an object while weight is subject to change due to factors that affect it such as gravity.

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34
Q

What is the name of the curvature of the fluid when measuring in a graduated cylinder?

A

Meniscus

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35
Q

What variable is the result of an experiment?

A

Dependent variable (y-axis)

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36
Q

Convert 5.4cm to meters

A

5.4 cm = 0.054 m

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37
Q

Convert 3.9 Liters to milliliters.

A

3.8 L = 3800 mL

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38
Q

Convert 3.8 decigrams to kilograms.

A

3.8 dg = 0.00038 Kg

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39
Q

Convert 3,890,000 into scientific notation.

A

3.89 x 10^(6)

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40
Q

Convert 0.000543 into scientific notation.

A

5.43 x 10^(-4)

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41
Q

Convert 1.034 x 10^5 into standard notation.

A

103,400

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42
Q

Convert 7.802 x 10^(-4) into standard notation.

A

0.0007802

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43
Q

Why is it necessary to divide the plants into a control group in an experimental group?

A

So that you are able to compare the different groups to either prove or nullify your hypothesis

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44
Q

Why is it important to keep conditions exactly the same in the control and experimental group?

A

To make sure that there are no other factors that can affect the experiment

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45
Q

Mean

A

the average

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46
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring number

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47
Q

Median

A

middle number of a set of number when arranged in descending/ascending order

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48
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method?

A

1) Observations & Questions 2) Hypothesis 3) Experiment and Data Collection 4) Analysis/Conclusion & Peer Review

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49
Q

Hypothesis

A

educated guess and best explanation as to why the phenomena occurs; has predictive aspects that can be tested

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50
Q

Sample Size

A

the amount of individual subjects the scientist will study to come up with a conclusion

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51
Q

Standardized (Control) Variable

A

all of the other variables that are kept constant

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52
Q

Law

A

an observed fact

53
Q

Theory

A

an explanation of why an effect occurs and has predictive abilities.

54
Q

How is a (+) result for a Benedict’s test indicated?

A

Color change from light/clear blue to bright orange, red, green/yellow.

55
Q

How is a (+) result for a Biret test indicated?

A

Color change from light blue to violet/purple

56
Q

How is a (+) result for an Iodine test indicated?

A

Color change from brown to black

57
Q

What is the Benedict’s test used for?

A

Tests for monosaccharides

58
Q

What is the Biuret test used for?

A

Tests for peptide bonds

59
Q

What is the Iodine test used for?

A

Tests for starch

60
Q

What does Sudan IV indicate?

A

Presence of lipids (bright red)

61
Q

A solution which can donate H+ ions

A

acid

62
Q

A solution of OH- acceptors

A

base

63
Q

Monomer

A

a single unit for a macromolecule

64
Q

Polymer

A

many monomers bonded together

65
Q

What is the purpose of a positive control?

A

To have it to compare with what you’re testing for.

66
Q

A pH of 7 indicates what kind of solution?

A

Neutral

67
Q

What is the general name of a molecule which contains the element carbon and hydrogen?

A

Organic Molecule

68
Q

What are the 4 different classes of organic molecules associated with the structures of living organisms?

A

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Proteins

69
Q

Atom

A

most basic unit of matter

70
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number protons in an atom; proton# = atomic#

71
Q

In the benedict’s test, which was the control group?

A

The test tubes with H2O

72
Q

In the benedict’s test, which was the experimental group?

A

The tubes with the glucose solution, starch solution, and albumin.

73
Q

Why don’t lipid molecules mix with water?

A

Lipid molecules are hydrophobic

74
Q

What does a (+) result look like for the Sudan test?

A

A dark pink spot

75
Q

What does biuret interact with when a (+) test is made?

A

Protein

76
Q

Individual building blocks of macromolecules

A

monomers

77
Q

When monomers are put together, what do they form?

A

polymers

78
Q

What happens if you attempt to mix a polar covalent solution with a non-polar solution?

A

Polar and non-polar combination will not form a solution.

79
Q

Chemical Buffer

A

Solutions used as a means of keeping pH constant

80
Q

Monosaccharide

A

a monomer of a carbohydrate; glucose and fructose

81
Q

Dimer

A

2 monomers put together via dehydration synthesis; sucrose

82
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrates with over a hundred monomers bound together; starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

83
Q

Triglycerides

A

fatty acids (3 hydrocarbon chains) bonded to a glycerol

84
Q

Fatty acids

A

3 long hydrocarbon chains

85
Q

Name the 3 components to the cell theory.

A

1) The cell is the fundamental unit of life 2) All cells come from preexisting cells 3) All living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells

86
Q

What are the 6 components found in ALL cells?

A

DNA, RNA, proteins, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm

87
Q

Define prefix “pro”

A

Before

88
Q

Define “karyotic”

A

Nucleus

89
Q

Of the 2 types of cells, which group evolved from the other?

A

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

90
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus, bacillus, and spirillum

91
Q

Which cell structure produces ATP molecules?

A

Mitochondria

92
Q

Which cell structure is involved with photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

93
Q

Which organism contained chloroplast?

A

Elodea

94
Q

What structure, absent in plant cells, digests worn out or damaged cells or cell parts?

A

Lysosomes

95
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

barrier that controls materials going in and out of cell

96
Q

Cell Wall

A

Protects and supports the cell; absent in animal cells

97
Q

Cilia

A

Absent in plant cells; hair-like structures that help with movement of substances

98
Q

Flagella

A

Present in some plants; structure that helps with movement of substances or cell

99
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

controls the passage of materials in/out of the nucleus

100
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell that contains hereditary information

101
Q

Nucleolus

A

Assembles proteins and RNA that will form ribosomes

102
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membrane-like channels for the movement of materials from place to place within the cell

103
Q

Golgi complex

A

stores, modifies, packages materials in vesicles for transport within the cell or for export from the cell

104
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes to digest worn-out damaged cells; absent in plant cells

105
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration; forms ATP

106
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

107
Q

Vacuole

A

contains water and solutes, wastes, or nutrients

108
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Within plant cells, helps support cell structure.

109
Q

What type of monomer is used to construct enzymes?

A

Amino acids

110
Q

4 Ways that enzymes lower activation energy

A

1) Getting substrates/reactants together 2) Orienting substrates/reactants into proper position 3) Pushing water out of the way 4) Changing shapes of substrates/reactants

111
Q

Activation Energy

A

amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

112
Q

List Reactants/Substrate, Enzyme, Products. 2H2O2 + Catalase –> Enzyme-Substrate Complex –> 2H2O + O2

A

Reactants/Substrate: 2H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) Enzyme: Catalase Products: 2H2O and O2 (hydrogen peroxide and water)

113
Q

What are characteristics of enzymes?

A

Substrate-specific; speed up chemical reactions; decrease activation energy

114
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Substrate/Reactants are what enzymes do their work upon. When the substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme, it forms an enzyme/substrate complex.

115
Q

Describe the effect of catalase on hydrogen peroxide on different tissues?

A

Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide

116
Q

Diffusion

A

Natural motion of matter from an area of high concentration to low concentration

117
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A difference in the concentration of a material from one place to another

118
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

Small non-polar molecules may flow through; also water may move through freely

119
Q

Osmosis

A

Process of water moving across a selectively permeable membrane

120
Q

Solution

A

homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

121
Q

Solvent

A

makes up the majority of the solution’s mass and is the agent which dissolves the other substances with it - i.e. water

122
Q

Solute

A

makes up the minority of the solution’s mass and is the material which is dissolved within the solution; i.e. salt, sugar

123
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of the amount of solutes found within a solution

124
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute, less water - more solute than any other solution

125
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute, more water - less solute than any other solution

126
Q

Isotonic

A

Same solute, same water

127
Q

Does heated water or cold water cause diffusion to occur faster?

A

Hot water

128
Q

Observe the agar gels and determine which moves faster - methylene blue (molecular weight of 350) vs. potassium permanganate (molecular weight of 158).

A

Potassium permanganate diffuses faster…. it weighs less.

129
Q
A

A) Arm

B) Coarse-Adjustment Knob

C) Fine Focus Adjustment Knob

D) Base

E) Light Source

F) Condenser/Iris Diaphragm

G) Stage

H) Objective Lenses

I) Revolving nose piece

J) Ocular lenses

BIO 101 Practical I (1 decks)

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