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BIO 101 Practical I > BIO 101 Practical 1 > Flashcards

BIO 101 Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the field of view if you decrease magnification?

A

The field of view increase

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2
Q

Define Resolving Power (Resolution).

A

Ability of a lens to distinguish between small objects close together

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3
Q

Why are dyes used for microscopy work?

A

to increase contrast

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4
Q

Difference between stereoscope and compound light microscope.

A

Stereoscope - used to look at larger objects: 3D image, low magnification, high resolution, visible light, no mounting required. Compound: 2D image, magnification is adjustable, low resolution, visible light, glass slide mounting.

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5
Q

Why do you want to use the scanning objective to find what you are looking for?

A

Because at the scanning objective, you are at the lowest magnification, so you are able to locate and focus what you are trying to see a lot easier whereas if it were at a higher magnification, the amount of object you can see decreases so it is a lot harder to find.

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6
Q

How should you place your hands in order to hold the microscope in a safe manner?

A

Arm: Dominant hand Base: Other hand

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7
Q

Why do you lower the coverslip at an angle when making a wet mount?

A

To prevent air bubbles from forming

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8
Q

How do you determine the total magnification?

A

Ocular Power X Objective Power = Total Magnification

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9
Q

Would you use the course objective focus knob with the microscope set to 40X objective?

A

No, you would use the fine focus knob. Coarse-focusing knob is used when using 4x and 10x. Fine-focusing knob is used for high power or oil immersion.

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10
Q

With which objectives do you use the fine focus knob?

A

All of the objectives

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11
Q

With which objective do you use the course objective knob?

A

4x and 10x

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12
Q

What is the total magnification when using the low power objective?

A

Low power = 10x Oculars = 10x Total = 100X

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13
Q

What happens to the diameter of the field if you decrease magnification?

A

If you increase magnification, the diameter of the field increases.

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14
Q

What magnification is the scanning objective lens?

A

4x

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15
Q

What magnification is the low power objective lens?

A

10x

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16
Q

What magnification is the high dry objective lens?

A

40x

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17
Q

What magnification is the oil immersion objective lens?

A

100x

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18
Q

Working Distance

A

The distance from the end of the objective to the specimen that is on the stage.

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19
Q

Diameter of Field

A

the number of mm or micrometers seen in your field of view when looking into the oculars.

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20
Q

Field of View

A

amount of object you can see; decreases with increasing magnification

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21
Q

Why is a compound microscope used?

A

Used to observe microscopic objects that are too small to see with our own eyes

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22
Q

Why is a stereo microscope used?

A

To get a better look at a larger or opaque object

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23
Q

What does a hypothesis become if it has been supported through experimentation and/or observation?

A

A theory

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24
Q

Which type of measurement involves how much space an object occupies?

A

Volume

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25
Put 0.00789 into scientific notation.
7.89 x 10^(-3)
26
Why is the control group important for an experiment?
To compare the other variables that are being tested against to; to make sure there are no other factors that can effect the experiment other than those being tested.
27
What is the base metric unit for measure length?
Meter
28
What is the base metric unit for measuring volume?
Liter
29
What is the base metric unit for measuring mass?
Gram
30
You have results of 9, 5, 12, 3, 4, 8. What is the range?
12-3 = 9
31
Which variable is the object of study in an experiment?
Independent Variable (x-axis)
32
Convert 1 meter into kilometers.
1 meter = 0.001 kilometers
33
What is the difference between weight and mass?
Mass is the measurement for the amount of matter in an object while weight is subject to change due to factors that affect it such as gravity.
34
What is the name of the curvature of the fluid when measuring in a graduated cylinder?
Meniscus
35
What variable is the result of an experiment?
Dependent variable (y-axis)
36
Convert 5.4cm to meters
5.4 cm = 0.054 m
37
Convert 3.9 Liters to milliliters.
3.8 L = 3800 mL
38
Convert 3.8 decigrams to kilograms.
3.8 dg = 0.00038 Kg
39
Convert 3,890,000 into scientific notation.
3.89 x 10^(6)
40
Convert 0.000543 into scientific notation.
5.43 x 10^(-4)
41
Convert 1.034 x 10^5 into standard notation.
103,400
42
Convert 7.802 x 10^(-4) into standard notation.
0.0007802
43
Why is it necessary to divide the plants into a control group in an experimental group?
So that you are able to compare the different groups to either prove or nullify your hypothesis
44
Why is it important to keep conditions exactly the same in the control and experimental group?
To make sure that there are no other factors that can affect the experiment
45
Mean
the average
46
Mode
Most frequently occurring number
47
Median
middle number of a set of number when arranged in descending/ascending order
48
What are the steps to the scientific method?
1) Observations & Questions 2) Hypothesis 3) Experiment and Data Collection 4) Analysis/Conclusion & Peer Review
49
Hypothesis
educated guess and best explanation as to why the phenomena occurs; has predictive aspects that can be tested
50
Sample Size
the amount of individual subjects the scientist will study to come up with a conclusion
51
Standardized (Control) Variable
all of the other variables that are kept constant
52
Law
an observed fact
53
Theory
an explanation of why an effect occurs and has predictive abilities.
54
How is a (+) result for a Benedict's test indicated?
Color change from light/clear blue to bright orange, red, green/yellow.
55
How is a (+) result for a Biret test indicated?
Color change from light blue to violet/purple
56
How is a (+) result for an Iodine test indicated?
Color change from brown to black
57
What is the Benedict's test used for?
Tests for monosaccharides
58
What is the Biuret test used for?
Tests for peptide bonds
59
What is the Iodine test used for?
Tests for starch
60
What does Sudan IV indicate?
Presence of lipids (bright red)
61
A solution which can donate H+ ions
acid
62
A solution of OH- acceptors
base
63
Monomer
a single unit for a macromolecule
64
Polymer
many monomers bonded together
65
What is the purpose of a positive control?
To have it to compare with what you're testing for.
66
A pH of 7 indicates what kind of solution?
Neutral
67
What is the general name of a molecule which contains the element carbon and hydrogen?
Organic Molecule
68
What are the 4 different classes of organic molecules associated with the structures of living organisms?
Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Proteins
69
Atom
most basic unit of matter
70
Atomic Number
the number protons in an atom; proton# = atomic#
71
In the benedict's test, which was the control group?
The test tubes with H2O
72
In the benedict's test, which was the experimental group?
The tubes with the glucose solution, starch solution, and albumin.
73
Why don't lipid molecules mix with water?
Lipid molecules are hydrophobic
74
What does a (+) result look like for the Sudan test?
A dark pink spot
75
What does biuret interact with when a (+) test is made?
Protein
76
Individual building blocks of macromolecules
monomers
77
When monomers are put together, what do they form?
polymers
78
What happens if you attempt to mix a polar covalent solution with a non-polar solution?
Polar and non-polar combination will not form a solution.
79
Chemical Buffer
Solutions used as a means of keeping pH constant
80
Monosaccharide
a monomer of a carbohydrate; glucose and fructose
81
Dimer
2 monomers put together via dehydration synthesis; sucrose
82
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates with over a hundred monomers bound together; starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
83
Triglycerides
fatty acids (3 hydrocarbon chains) bonded to a glycerol
84
Fatty acids
3 long hydrocarbon chains
85
Name the 3 components to the cell theory.
1) The cell is the fundamental unit of life 2) All cells come from preexisting cells 3) All living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
86
What are the 6 components found in ALL cells?
DNA, RNA, proteins, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm
87
Define prefix "pro"
Before
88
Define "karyotic"
Nucleus
89
Of the 2 types of cells, which group evolved from the other?
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
90
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
Coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
91
Which cell structure produces ATP molecules?
Mitochondria
92
Which cell structure is involved with photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
93
Which organism contained chloroplast?
Elodea
94
What structure, absent in plant cells, digests worn out or damaged cells or cell parts?
Lysosomes
95
Plasma Membrane
barrier that controls materials going in and out of cell
96
Cell Wall
Protects and supports the cell; absent in animal cells
97
Cilia
Absent in plant cells; hair-like structures that help with movement of substances
98
Flagella
Present in some plants; structure that helps with movement of substances or cell
99
Nuclear envelope
controls the passage of materials in/out of the nucleus
100
Nucleus
Control center of the cell that contains hereditary information
101
Nucleolus
Assembles proteins and RNA that will form ribosomes
102
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane-like channels for the movement of materials from place to place within the cell
103
Golgi complex
stores, modifies, packages materials in vesicles for transport within the cell or for export from the cell
104
Lysosomes
Contains enzymes to digest worn-out damaged cells; absent in plant cells
105
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic cellular respiration; forms ATP
106
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
107
Vacuole
contains water and solutes, wastes, or nutrients
108
Central Vacuole
Within plant cells, helps support cell structure.
109
What type of monomer is used to construct enzymes?
Amino acids
110
4 Ways that enzymes lower activation energy
1) Getting substrates/reactants together 2) Orienting substrates/reactants into proper position 3) Pushing water out of the way 4) Changing shapes of substrates/reactants
111
Activation Energy
amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
112
List Reactants/Substrate, Enzyme, Products. 2H2O2 + Catalase --\> Enzyme-Substrate Complex --\> 2H2O + O2
Reactants/Substrate: 2H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) Enzyme: Catalase Products: 2H2O and O2 (hydrogen peroxide and water)
113
What are characteristics of enzymes?
Substrate-specific; speed up chemical reactions; decrease activation energy
114
How do enzymes work?
Substrate/Reactants are what enzymes do their work upon. When the substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme, it forms an enzyme/substrate complex.
115
Describe the effect of catalase on hydrogen peroxide on different tissues?
Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide
116
Diffusion
Natural motion of matter from an area of high concentration to low concentration
117
Concentration Gradient
A difference in the concentration of a material from one place to another
118
Selectively Permeable Membrane
Small non-polar molecules may flow through; also water may move through freely
119
Osmosis
Process of water moving across a selectively permeable membrane
120
Solution
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
121
Solvent
makes up the majority of the solution's mass and is the agent which dissolves the other substances with it - i.e. water
122
Solute
makes up the minority of the solution's mass and is the material which is dissolved within the solution; i.e. salt, sugar
123
Tonicity
Measure of the amount of solutes found within a solution
124
Hypertonic
More solute, less water - more solute than any other solution
125
Hypotonic
Less solute, more water - less solute than any other solution
126
Isotonic
Same solute, same water
127
Does heated water or cold water cause diffusion to occur faster?
Hot water
128
Observe the agar gels and determine which moves faster - methylene blue (molecular weight of 350) vs. potassium permanganate (molecular weight of 158).
Potassium permanganate diffuses faster.... it weighs less.
129
A) Arm B) Coarse-Adjustment Knob C) Fine Focus Adjustment Knob D) Base E) Light Source F) Condenser/Iris Diaphragm G) Stage H) Objective Lenses I) Revolving nose piece J) Ocular lenses

BIO 101 Practical I (1 decks)

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