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bio 101 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anabolism

A

simple compounds are built into
complex molecules, consuming energy in the process

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2
Q

catabolism

A

complex molecules are broken down
into simple compounds, releasing energy in the process

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3
Q

energy

A

the capacity of a system to cause change in its
surroundings, and can exist in various forms

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

the capacity of a system to cause change in its
surroundings, and can exist in various forms

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5
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy at the atomic level, when
transferred from one object to another is called heat

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6
Q

potential energy

A

the energy of location/structure, and can be
transformed into kinetic energy

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7
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds,
that can be released through chemical reactions

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8
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of how
a system transforms and exchanges
energy w/ surroundings

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9
Q

isolated systems

A

there is no
energy/matter exchange with the
surroundings

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10
Q

open system

A

there is energy
transformation and exchange between
the system and surroundings

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11
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

is that energy can be
transferred or transformed, but NEVER created or destroyed

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12
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

that during transfer or
transformation of energy, some energy is always converted to
thermal energy and lost as heat

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13
Q

entropy

A

is a measure of how disordered a system is (how
much energy in the system cannot be used to do work)

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14
Q

spontaneous process

A

There are processes that increase the entropy of the universe
without energy input

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15
Q

non-spontaneous

A

There are also processes that can decrease entropy, requiring a
dedicated input of energy

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16
Q

how to calculate changes in free energy

A

^G=^H-T^S FILL IN WITH THE TRIANGLE SIGN WHICH IS change in Toal energy minus temp. in kelvin times change in entropy

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17
Q

what do the free energy calculations mean

A

If the ΔG for a chemical reaction is
negative, that means no energy needs
to be put in for it to happen, and the
reaction is spontaneous

If the ΔG for a chemical reaction is
zero or positive, that means energy
does need to be put in for it to happen,
and the reaction is nonspontaneous

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18
Q

equilibrium

A

the state of maximum stability where forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time

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19
Q

exergonic reactions

A

(negative
ΔG), free energy is released to
surroundings

-spontaneous

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20
Q

endergonic reactions

A

(positive
ΔG), free energy is taken in from
surroundings

-non-spontaneous

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21
Q

energy coupling -pairing endergonic and exergonic reactions

A

where the energy
released from an exergonic reaction
drives an endergonic one

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22
Q

how is atp released

A

The energy stored within ATP is released
when the terminal phosphate bond is
broken by hydrolysis (adding water)

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23
Q

how is atp used to preform work

A

-pump out substances against concentration gradient

  • change the protein shape

-hydrolysis for transport work

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24
Q

how is atp replenished

A

ATP can be replenished by adding a
phosphate group to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)

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25
role of enzymes as catalysts
catalysts that speed up specific reactions
26
how do reactions begin through activation energy
The amount of energy a reactant molecule needs to absorb into order to break its bonds is called activation energy
27
progression from reactants to transition state to products
This makes the molecule increasingly unstable, and when it has absorbed enough energy it enters
28
role of cofactors
Enzymes don’t have to act alone, but can work with nonprotein helpers called cofactors These are agents that can bind to the enzyme (permanently) or with the substrate (reversibly) & help catalyze the reaction Enzymes aren’t always sped up, their activity can be reduced or blocked by chemical agents known as inhibitors
29
how are enzymes regulated
by their temp and ph levels
30
competitive inhibitors
can resemble the substrate and bind to the enzyme’s active site
31
noncompetitive inhibitors
do not resemble the substrate, instead binding to the enzyme away from the active site
32
molecular regulation through allosteric interactions
when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects activity at another site
33
molecular regulation through cooperative interaction
substrate binds to one active site on an enzyme and stabilizes the active site for other substrates
34
molecular regulation through feedback inhibition
the end- product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the activity of a pathway
35
importance of spatial location of enzymes
Enzymes are found where they’re needed, in specialized locations throughout the cell (e.g. nucleus for DNA replication Some enzymes have fixed locations, some can be part of multi-enzyme complexes, some are structural pieces
36
passive transport
Small molecules can move into/out of a cell
37
active transport
Small molecules can also move into/out of a cell
38
bulk transport
Large molecules move into/out of a cell
39
basic structural composition of cell membranes
Membranes are mostly made of phospholipids, arranged in a bilayer Other macromolecules are also present, including proteins and carbohydrates
40
how does the fluidity of membranes vary
membranes are fluid, lipids and proteins can move sideways within membrane and lipids can even flip-flop
41
how are membranes held together
by weak hydrophobic interactions between phospholipid tails
42
in membranes how are agents like cholesterol used for stability
Cholesterol is a steroid component of animal cell membranes that affect membrane fluidity
43
role of temp to determine membrane fluidity
At high temperatures, cholesterol limits fluidity restricts phospholipid movement At low temperatures, cholesterol promotes fluidity by preventing cell membrane packing
44
integral proteins
Integral membrane proteins reach to the hydrophobic membrane core
45
peripheral proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins are bound to the membrane surface
46
glycolipids
are when lipids are bonded to these sugar chains
47
glycoproteins
are when proteins are bonded to these sugar chains
48
selective permeability of a membrane
some things can cross through this fluid mosaic structure more easily than others
49
hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules interacting with selective permeability
Hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar) dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane easily Hydrophilic molecules (polar) are impeded when trying to pass through the membrane, running into a hydrophobic wall
50
channel proteins
have a hydrophilic channel that some molecules can use as a tunnel into the cell
51
carrier proteins
bind directly to molecules and change shape to chaperone them across the membrane
52
diffusion
which is movement with the goal of equaling out concentration
53
osmosis
When water molecules diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane,
54
tonicity
The extent to which a solution can cause a cell to gain or lose water by osmosis
55
hypotonic
water only going in
56
hypertonic
water only going out
57
isotonic
water is only going both in and out
58
facilitated diffusion and process in membrane proteins
transport proteins (such as channel or carrier proteins) help transport molecules across the membrane Channel proteins act as corridors that allow specific molecules
59
gated channels
here are some types of ion channels, called gated channels, that only open or close in response to a stimulus Chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli can trigger channel opening
60
function of carrier proteins
bind to a solute on one side and change shape to move the solute-binding site across the membrane
61
active transport in gradient
passive transport/diffusion, active transport uses energy to move molecules against concentration gradient This relies entirely on carrier proteins and almost always on ATP
62
electrochemical transport
The movement of ions into/out of a cell
63
electrical force
membrane potential Ions move down electrochemical gradient, and are transported across a membrane by electrogenic pumps
64
exocytosis
transport vesicles move the cell membrane, fuse with it and release their contents outside the cell
65
endocytosis
transport vesicles form at the membrane around a material, taking their contents inside the cell
66
phagocytosis
cellular eating
67
pinocytosis
cellular drinking
68
receptor mediated endocytosis
means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid.
69
how to use microscopy to visualize cells
light microscopy passes light through a specimen and then through a glass lens The glass lenses refract and bend the light to magnify the image back to our eyes To study subcellular structures, we use electron microscopes
70
visualizing organelles by fractionation followed by electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus an electron beam on the cell surface, providing a 3-D image of the cell * Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus an electron beam through a cell to highlight internal structures
71
prokaryotic cells
make up bacterial and archaeal organisms
72
eukaryotic cells
make up protists, fungi, animals and plants
73
prokaryotic/ eukaryotic similarities
* A cell membrane * An internal semifluid substance called cytosol * Chromosomes to carry/transfer genetic material * Ribosomes to make essential proteins
74

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