Bio 101 Chap. 5-8 EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Lipids contribute to:
A
fluidity of the membrane
2
Q
Fluidity means:
A
movement side-to-side (LATERAL)
3
Q
How do saturated fatty acid tails affect fluidity:
A
DECREASE fluidity (create stiffness)
4
Q
How do unsaturated fatty acid tails affect fluidity:
A
INCREASE fluidity “free spirits” of fatty acids
5
Q
How does Cholesterol affect fluidity:
A
“Buffer”
- prevent changes
- create space/take up space
- INCREASES and DECREASES fluidity
6
Q
Peripheral Proteins:
A
next to the membrane but not into the membrane
7
Q
Integral Proteins:
A
penetrate into the lipid layer
8
Q
Transmembrane proteins:
A
pass all the way through the membrane
9
Q
where would hydrophobic amino acids be found in the protein?
A
in contact w/ lipid layer
10
Q
where would hydrophilic amino acids be found in the protein?
A
in the water-based area
11
Q
Are membrane-associated carbohydrates on the inside or outside of the plasma membrane?
A
OUTSIDE
12
Q
What is the role of carbohydrates at the membrane?
A
identity marker of the cell
“Im from the liver”
(they act as ID) (Identification)
13
Q
Diffusion continues until what “state” is reached
A
A state of equilibrium
14
Q
What are the 2 types of proteins for facilitated transport:
A
Channel Protein
Carrier Protein
15
Q
Why is active transport important?
A
sometimes we want the inside and outside of the cell to be different and active transport creates this difference
16
Q
In coupled transport, one solute moves _______ a gradient and the other _______ a gradient
A
down, up
17
Q
_________ powers active transport
A
diffusion
18
Q
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a ____________
A
Semi-permeable membrane
19
Q
____________ diffusion is faster than simple diffusion
A
facilitated
20
Q
What channel is used in OSMOSIS
A
via aquaporin
21
Q
more solute, less water:
A
HYPERTONIC
22
Q
less solute, more water:
A
HYPOTONIC
23
Q
equal solute, equal water:
A
ISOTONIC
24
Q
Animal cell: water goes in and bursts cell open (lysis):
A
HYPOTONIC
25
Animal cell: stays normal (ideal state)
ISOTONIC
26
Animal cell: sucks water and shrivels (water goes out of cell):
HYPERTONIC
27
Plant cell: becomes turgid (swollen but won't burst):
HYPOTONIC
28
Plant cell: becomes flaccid (slightly limp):
ISOTONIC
29
Plant cell: undergoes plasmolysis (shrinks inside the cell wall):
HYPERTONIC
30
Bulk transport is the movement of __________________
a lot of things
31
__________ is required for Bulk Transport:
ENERGY
32
Increase membrane area (adding vesicles):
EXOcytosis
33
Decrease membrane area (removing parts):
ENDOcytosis
34
Light energy --> __________ --> _________
chemical energy, heat
35
what is the difference between flow and cycle:
energy flows in 1 direction and is eventually lost as heat, while materials cycle between living organisms and the environment
36
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life
37
What are the role of enzymes?
to act as catalysts in metabolic reactions, speeding up reactions
38
What are the 2 types of reactions in metabolism:
Anabolic and Catabolic pathways
39
Describe Catabolic pathways:
they break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy
40
Describe Anabolic pathways:
they build longer molecules from smaller ones, consuming energy
41
1st Law of Thermodynamics
- The energy of the Universe is CONSTANT
- Energy can be transferred and transformed but NEVER created or destroyed
42
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
During every reaction, some energy is lost as heat
This causes an increase in entropy of the universe
43
what is entropy?
a measure of disorder or randomness
44
In exergonic reactions... the energy of the product is _________ than the energy of the reactants:
LESS
45
What does spontaneous mean?
that a reaction occurs without the need for additional energy input
46
What does ΔG mean:
The change in free energy
47
Endergonic reactions are:
non-spontaneous
48
ΔG is ______ which means energy is required.
positive
49
Energy is supplied by _____:
ATP
50
negative ΔG (energy release)=
EXERGONIC
51
spontaneity (occurs naturally)=
EXERGONIC
52
catabolism=
EXERGONIC
53
increased entropy=
EXERGONIC
54
ATP synthesis (energy storage in cells)
EXERGONIC
55
positive ΔG (requires energy)=
ENDERGONIC
56
non-spontaneous=
ENDERGONIC
57
Energy absorption=
ENDERGONIC
58
Anabolism=
ENDERGONIC
59
decreased entropy=
ENDERGONIC
60
ATP hydrolysis coupling=
ENDERGONIC
61
Hydrolysis of ATP: ATP --> _____ + ______ + ______
ADP + Pi + energy
62
Hydrolysis of ATP is a _______ reaction:
EXERGONIC
63
Hydrolysis of ATP supples energy for ________ reactions
ENDERGONIC
64
What do enzymes do?
speed up chemical reactions
65
what is activation energy?
energy required to start a reaction
66
What do enzymes do to activation energy?
They lower activation energy
67
What do enzymes do to ΔG?
they dont change ΔG
68
Enzymes lower activation energy by:
1: stressing things that need to break
2: orienting molecules to form bonds
69
What is the active site?
where the substrate binds
70
71
What is induced fit?
enzyme clamps down on substrate
72
______ are required for function of enzymes (non protein type molecules):
COFACTORSSSSSS
73
Name the 2 types of cofactors
1: Inorganic
2: Organic
74
Inorganic Cofactors:
metal ions (does not contain carbon)
75
Organic Cofactors:
vitamins, coenzymes (does contain carbon)
76
Inhibitors:
molecule that binds to an enzyme and prevents it from functioning properly
77
What do activators do to an enzyme:
- make an enzyme work better
- not required: optional improvement
78
describe a PATHWAY:
a series of chemical reactions
79
Feedback inhibition: turns a pathway off when an end product acts as an __________________.
Allosteric inhibitor
80
Redox:
Harvesting energy
81
_______ bonds in macromolecules:
BREAK
82
Move _________ electrons from one molecule to another
electrons (H atoms)
83
Electrons carry_______:
energy
84
Oxidation is the ______ of one H atom:
losing
85
Reduction is the _______ of one H atom:
gaining
86
O.I.L. R.I.G.
Oxidation Is Losing, Reduction Is Gaining
87
_________ occurs during fermentation and aerobic respiration:
Glycolysis
88
_______ does not use or depend on O2:
Glycolysis
89
occurs in the cytosol of a cell:
Glycolysis
90
Steps 2-4 occur during _____________:
Aerobic respiration
91
Steps 2-4 occur when ____ is available:
O2
92
Steps 2-4 occur in the organelle called the _________________:
mitochondria
93
what are steps 1-4
1: Glycolysis
2: Pyruvate oxidation
3: Citric Acid Cycle:
4: Oxidative phosphorylation
94
2 separate parts for step 4
1: Electron transport chain
2: Chemiosmosis
95
1: Electron transport chain:
makes a H+ protein / gradient
96
2: Chemiosmosis
uses proton gradient to make ATP
97
Glyco= ______:
sugar/carb
98
Lysis=_______:
to break
99
Glucose contains __ carbons:
6
100
One G3P contains __ carbons and ___ are made during glycolysis
3, 3
101
One pyruvate contains ___ carbons, and ___ are made at the end of glycolysis
3, 2
102
where does glycolysis occur in a cell:
in the cytosol
103
what types of cells do glycolysis:
nearly all cells
104
Summary formula for glycolysis:
glucose --> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
105
What is NADH:
stored energy and is a coenzyme
106
Redox Reaction:
NAD⁺ + 2H --> NADH + H⁺
107
oxidized version of NADH:
NAD⁺
108
reduced version of NADH:
NADH
109
The "H" in NADH comes from:
glucose
110
NADH carries _____ to the ETC:
electrons
111
Energy carried by NADH is used to make ____ during the step oxidative phosphorylation:
ATP
112
What is substrate-level phosphorylation:
the making of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
113
How is substrate-level phosphorylation different than the oxidative phosphorylation?
its just substrate and enzyme
no H⁺ gradient and no membrane
114
What is the goal of fermentation:
to produce more NAD⁺ for glycolysis
115
What are the 2 parts of Fermentation:
1. Glycolysis
2. a reaction to recycle NADH to NAD⁺ so glycolysis can happen again
116
Fermentation summary:
occurs when oxygen is not available
only produced 2 ATP
occurs in the cytoplasm
117
2 Types of fermentation:
1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcoholic fermentation
118
1. Lactic acid fermentation:
Pyruvate is converted to lactate
NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺
Organisms that do lactic acid fermentation include humans/mammals/muscle cells/ and some bacteria
119
2. Alcoholic fermentation:
Pyruvate is converted to the final product ethanol and CO2
NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺
Organisms that do alcoholic fermentation include yeasts
120
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
(steps 2-4):
if oxygen is available, cellular respiration happens, using the organelle called the mitochondria and produce 36-38 ATP
121
Step 2: Pyruvate oxidation:
occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
NAD⁺ gets oxidized
pyruvate gets reduced
122
Removal of H from H2O is the _______ of H2O.
oxidation
123
CO2 gains hydrogen, which is _______
reduction
124
Carbon in CO2 becomes a carbon in what product molecule?
Glucose C6 H12 O6
125
Oxygen in water becomes what product molecule?
Oxygen 6O2
126
what happens when light energy is absorbed?
They jump or go to a higher energy level
127
what happens to electrons when light energy is released (describe fluorescence)
they fall and go back to the energy level that they came from
128
Photosystems (PS) located in what membrane?
THYLACOID
129
Photosystems (PS) contain the main pigment ________
Chlorophyl
130
Chlorophyl captures ______
LIGHTTTT!!!!
131
