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Biology 101 > Bio 101 Chap. 5-8 EXAM > Flashcards

Bio 101 Chap. 5-8 EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids contribute to:

A

fluidity of the membrane

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2
Q

Fluidity means:

A

movement side-to-side (LATERAL)

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3
Q

How do saturated fatty acid tails affect fluidity:

A

DECREASE fluidity (create stiffness)

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4
Q

How do unsaturated fatty acid tails affect fluidity:

A

INCREASE fluidity “free spirits” of fatty acids

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5
Q

How does Cholesterol affect fluidity:

A

“Buffer”
- prevent changes
- create space/take up space
- INCREASES and DECREASES fluidity

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6
Q

Peripheral Proteins:

A

next to the membrane but not into the membrane

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7
Q

Integral Proteins:

A

penetrate into the lipid layer

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8
Q

Transmembrane proteins:

A

pass all the way through the membrane

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9
Q

where would hydrophobic amino acids be found in the protein?

A

in contact w/ lipid layer

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10
Q

where would hydrophilic amino acids be found in the protein?

A

in the water-based area

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11
Q

Are membrane-associated carbohydrates on the inside or outside of the plasma membrane?

A

OUTSIDE

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12
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates at the membrane?

A

identity marker of the cell
“Im from the liver”
(they act as ID) (Identification)

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13
Q

Diffusion continues until what “state” is reached

A

A state of equilibrium

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins for facilitated transport:

A

Channel Protein
Carrier Protein

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15
Q

Why is active transport important?

A

sometimes we want the inside and outside of the cell to be different and active transport creates this difference

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16
Q

In coupled transport, one solute moves _______ a gradient and the other _______ a gradient

A

down, up

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17
Q

_________ powers active transport

A

diffusion

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18
Q

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a ____________

A

Semi-permeable membrane

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19
Q

____________ diffusion is faster than simple diffusion

A

facilitated

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20
Q

What channel is used in OSMOSIS

A

via aquaporin

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21
Q

more solute, less water:

A

HYPERTONIC

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22
Q

less solute, more water:

A

HYPOTONIC

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23
Q

equal solute, equal water:

A

ISOTONIC

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24
Q

Animal cell: water goes in and bursts cell open (lysis):

A

HYPOTONIC

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25
Q

Animal cell: stays normal (ideal state)

A

ISOTONIC

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26
Q

Animal cell: sucks water and shrivels (water goes out of cell):

A

HYPERTONIC

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27
Q

Plant cell: becomes turgid (swollen but won’t burst):

A

HYPOTONIC

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28
Q

Plant cell: becomes flaccid (slightly limp):

A

ISOTONIC

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29
Q

Plant cell: undergoes plasmolysis (shrinks inside the cell wall):

A

HYPERTONIC

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30
Q

Bulk transport is the movement of __________________

A

a lot of things

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31
Q

__________ is required for Bulk Transport:

A

ENERGY

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32
Q

Increase membrane area (adding vesicles):

A

EXOcytosis

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33
Q

Decrease membrane area (removing parts):

A

ENDOcytosis

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34
Q

Light energy –> __________ –> _________

A

chemical energy, heat

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35
Q

what is the difference between flow and cycle:

A

energy flows in 1 direction and is eventually lost as heat, while materials cycle between living organisms and the environment

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36
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life

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37
Q

What are the role of enzymes?

A

to act as catalysts in metabolic reactions, speeding up reactions

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of reactions in metabolism:

A

Anabolic and Catabolic pathways

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39
Q

Describe Catabolic pathways:

A

they break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

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40
Q

Describe Anabolic pathways:

A

they build longer molecules from smaller ones, consuming energy

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41
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • The energy of the Universe is CONSTANT
  • Energy can be transferred and transformed but NEVER created or destroyed
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42
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

During every reaction, some energy is lost as heat
This causes an increase in entropy of the universe

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43
Q

what is entropy?

A

a measure of disorder or randomness

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44
Q

In exergonic reactions… the energy of the product is _________ than the energy of the reactants:

A

LESS

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45
Q

What does spontaneous mean?

A

that a reaction occurs without the need for additional energy input

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46
Q

What does ΔG mean:

A

The change in free energy

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47
Q

Endergonic reactions are:

A

non-spontaneous

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48
Q

ΔG is ______ which means energy is required.

A

positive

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49
Q

Energy is supplied by _____:

A

ATP

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50
Q

negative ΔG (energy release)=

A

EXERGONIC

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51
Q

spontaneity (occurs naturally)=

A

EXERGONIC

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52
Q

catabolism=

A

EXERGONIC

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53
Q

increased entropy=

A

EXERGONIC

54
Q

ATP synthesis (energy storage in cells)

A

EXERGONIC

55
Q

positive ΔG (requires energy)=

A

ENDERGONIC

56
Q

non-spontaneous=

A

ENDERGONIC

57
Q

Energy absorption=

A

ENDERGONIC

58
Q

Anabolism=

A

ENDERGONIC

59
Q

decreased entropy=

A

ENDERGONIC

60
Q

ATP hydrolysis coupling=

A

ENDERGONIC

61
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP: ATP –> _____ + ______ + ______

A

ADP + Pi + energy

62
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP is a _______ reaction:

A

EXERGONIC

63
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP supples energy for ________ reactions

A

ENDERGONIC

64
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

speed up chemical reactions

65
Q

what is activation energy?

A

energy required to start a reaction

66
Q

What do enzymes do to activation energy?

A

They lower activation energy

67
Q

What do enzymes do to ΔG?

A

they dont change ΔG

68
Q

Enzymes lower activation energy by:

A

1: stressing things that need to break
2: orienting molecules to form bonds

69
Q

What is the active site?

A

where the substrate binds

70
Q
A
71
Q

What is induced fit?

A

enzyme clamps down on substrate

72
Q

______ are required for function of enzymes (non protein type molecules):

A

COFACTORSSSSSS

73
Q

Name the 2 types of cofactors

A

1: Inorganic
2: Organic

74
Q

Inorganic Cofactors:

A

metal ions (does not contain carbon)

75
Q

Organic Cofactors:

A

vitamins, coenzymes (does contain carbon)

76
Q

Inhibitors:

A

molecule that binds to an enzyme and prevents it from functioning properly

77
Q

What do activators do to an enzyme:

A
  • make an enzyme work better
  • not required: optional improvement
78
Q

describe a PATHWAY:

A

a series of chemical reactions

79
Q

Feedback inhibition: turns a pathway off when an end product acts as an __________________.

A

Allosteric inhibitor

80
Q

Redox:

A

Harvesting energy

81
Q

_______ bonds in macromolecules:

A

BREAK

82
Q

Move _________ electrons from one molecule to another

A

electrons (H atoms)

83
Q

Electrons carry_______:

A

energy

84
Q

Oxidation is the ______ of one H atom:

A

losing

85
Q

Reduction is the _______ of one H atom:

A

gaining

86
Q

O.I.L. R.I.G.

A

Oxidation Is Losing, Reduction Is Gaining

87
Q

_________ occurs during fermentation and aerobic respiration:

A

Glycolysis

88
Q

_______ does not use or depend on O2:

A

Glycolysis

89
Q

occurs in the cytosol of a cell:

A

Glycolysis

90
Q

Steps 2-4 occur during _____________:

A

Aerobic respiration

91
Q

Steps 2-4 occur when ____ is available:

A

O2

92
Q

Steps 2-4 occur in the organelle called the _________________:

A

mitochondria

93
Q

what are steps 1-4

A

1: Glycolysis
2: Pyruvate oxidation
3: Citric Acid Cycle:
4: Oxidative phosphorylation

94
Q

2 separate parts for step 4

A

1: Electron transport chain
2: Chemiosmosis

95
Q

1: Electron transport chain:

A

makes a H+ protein / gradient

96
Q

2: Chemiosmosis

A

uses proton gradient to make ATP

97
Q

Glyco= ______:

A

sugar/carb

98
Q

Lysis=_______:

A

to break

99
Q

Glucose contains __ carbons:

A

6

100
Q

One G3P contains __ carbons and ___ are made during glycolysis

A

3, 3

101
Q

One pyruvate contains ___ carbons, and ___ are made at the end of glycolysis

A

3, 2

102
Q

where does glycolysis occur in a cell:

A

in the cytosol

103
Q

what types of cells do glycolysis:

A

nearly all cells

104
Q

Summary formula for glycolysis:

A

glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

105
Q

What is NADH:

A

stored energy and is a coenzyme

106
Q

Redox Reaction:

A

NAD⁺ + 2H –> NADH + H⁺

107
Q

oxidized version of NADH:

A

NAD⁺

108
Q

reduced version of NADH:

A

NADH

109
Q

The “H” in NADH comes from:

A

glucose

110
Q

NADH carries _____ to the ETC:

A

electrons

111
Q

Energy carried by NADH is used to make ____ during the step oxidative phosphorylation:

A

ATP

112
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation:

A

the making of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

113
Q

How is substrate-level phosphorylation different than the oxidative phosphorylation?

A

its just substrate and enzyme
no H⁺ gradient and no membrane

114
Q

What is the goal of fermentation:

A

to produce more NAD⁺ for glycolysis

115
Q

What are the 2 parts of Fermentation:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. a reaction to recycle NADH to NAD⁺ so glycolysis can happen again
116
Q

Fermentation summary:

A

occurs when oxygen is not available
only produced 2 ATP
occurs in the cytoplasm

117
Q

2 Types of fermentation:

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation
  2. Alcoholic fermentation
118
Q
  1. Lactic acid fermentation:
A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate
NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺
Organisms that do lactic acid fermentation include humans/mammals/muscle cells/ and some bacteria

119
Q
  1. Alcoholic fermentation:
A

Pyruvate is converted to the final product ethanol and CO2
NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺
Organisms that do alcoholic fermentation include yeasts

120
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration
(steps 2-4):

A

if oxygen is available, cellular respiration happens, using the organelle called the mitochondria and produce 36-38 ATP

121
Q

Step 2: Pyruvate oxidation:

A

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
NAD⁺ gets oxidized
pyruvate gets reduced

122
Q

Removal of H from H2O is the _______ of H2O.

A

oxidation

123
Q

CO2 gains hydrogen, which is _______

A

reduction

124
Q

Carbon in CO2 becomes a carbon in what product molecule?

A

Glucose C6 H12 O6

125
Q

Oxygen in water becomes what product molecule?

A

Oxygen 6O2

126
Q

what happens when light energy is absorbed?

A

They jump or go to a higher energy level

127
Q

what happens to electrons when light energy is released (describe fluorescence)

A

they fall and go back to the energy level that they came from

128
Q

Photosystems (PS) located in what membrane?

A

THYLACOID

129
Q

Photosystems (PS) contain the main pigment ________

A

Chlorophyl

130
Q

Chlorophyl captures ______

A

LIGHTTTT!!!!

131
Q
A

Biology 101 (1 decks)

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