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Bio 101 AOL Material Flashcards

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1
Q

The five biological themes are:

A

Evolution
Cooperation
Homeostasis
The flow of energy
Structure determines function

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2
Q

What are the domains that the six kingdoms are grouped in?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

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3
Q

Which is true of evolution?

A

It is the genetic change over time
Can occur within a single species or can lead to formation of many new species
Natural Selection

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4
Q

What is the next level of organization directly after tissues?

A

Organs

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5
Q

The flow of energy is responsible for shaping the ecosystem

A

True

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6
Q

The scientific method is an iterative (ongoing) process

A

True

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7
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

A cell

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8
Q

Geckos have the ability to walk up the walls due to weak temporary molecular attractions known as

A

Van der Waals forces

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9
Q

What are atoms when they gain and lose electrons?

A

Cations and anions

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10
Q

What is the trend of electronegativity on the period table?

A

Increasing electronegatively from left to right

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11
Q

What is the name of a process where a water molecule spontaneously splits into a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+) and a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-)?

A

Ionization

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12
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A

Heat storage
Ice formation
High heat vaporization
Cohesion and adhesion
High polarity

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13
Q

What are amino acids an example of?

A

Monomers

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14
Q

Lipids (fats) are used for long-term storage

A

True

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15
Q

How does the complementary structure of DNA help its function?

A

Each strand of DNA mirror each other so the DNA contain two copies of information that can be passed to the next generation

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16
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

Enzymes are examples of what kind of macromolecules?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Which of these are true regarding DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded and contains a ribose-sugar phosphate backbone; DNA is double stranded and contains a deoxyribose-sugar phosphate backbone.

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19
Q

All of the following are basic features of a cell except

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

What properties of molecules influence how well they are able to cross the lipid portion of the membrane?

A

Size
Polarity
Charge

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21
Q

The nucleus is not the only organelle which contains DNA. Which other organelle(s) contain(s) DNA?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts

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22
Q

The left side of the beaker in the diagram is ______ to the right side of the beaker

A

Hypertonic

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23
Q

Osmosis is the net (overall) movement of water molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires an input of energy, passive transport does not

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25
Q

What are life’s most abundant atoms?

A

Carbon, Nitrogen ,Hydrogen, Oxygen

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26
Q

Hierarchy of Life

A

Atoms
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

When water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration, and crosses a membrane

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28
Q

Scientific Method

A

Make observation
Think of a question
Formulate hypothesis
Develop testable prediction
Gather data to test predictions
Develop general theories

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29
Q

Six kingdoms of diversity of life

A

Archea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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30
Q

Basic structure of atoms: Carbon atom

A

The innermost shell can hold up to 2 electrons
The other shells can hold up to 8 electrons

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31
Q

Giving up electron or accepting electrons

A

= formation of iconic bonds

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32
Q

Sharing electrons

A

= formation of covalent bonds

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33
Q

Ions are atoms or
molecules that have full positive or negative
charges

A

True

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34
Q

Neutral Atom
Loses electrons = cation
Gains electrons = anion

A

True

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35
Q

Bond Strength:
Covalent bonds > Ionic Bonds > Hydrogen bonds

A

True

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36
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

involve the attraction of opposite electrical charges

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37
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share electrons with each other

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38
Q

Electronegativity

A

a measure of how much an atom attracts
electrons.

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39
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

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40
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

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41
Q

Examples of polar molecules

A

Water (H2O)
Glucose sugar (C6H12O6)

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42
Q

Is water a polar molecule?

A

Yes, with 2 polar covalent bonds

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43
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak electrical attractions between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another

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44
Q

Hydrogen is the partially positive
end of each polar molecule

A

True

45
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weaker and
more flexible than covalent bonds

A

True

46
Q

van der Waals’ forces

A

Electrostatic interactions between atoms that have a TEMPORARY PARTIAL charge
(very weak)

47
Q

Water H2O

A

-The chemistry of life is the water chemistry
-Water (H2O) is a polar covalent molecule
-Water can form hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Cohesion and adhesion

A

Cohesion – when one water molecules is attracted to another
water molecule
Adhesion – When polar molecules other than water stick to water molecule

49
Q

In a liquid state, water molecules tend to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds.

A

True

50
Q

Hydrogen bonding = water molecule & polar molecule

A

True

51
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

molecules are
attracted to water, and water molecules cluster around hydrophilic molecules using
hydrogen bonds

Ex: polar molecules, molecules w ionic bonds

52
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

Molecules are
repelled by water and do not dissolve in it

These molecules are
nonpolar and do not form hydrogen bonds

Ex: lipids (oils, fats)

53
Q

pH stands for

A

“potential hydrogen”
The amount of hydrogen ions (H+) from water in a liquid solution can be measure as pH

54
Q

Acidic solutions

A

have pH values
below 7

contain more
hydrogen ion (H+) than hydroxide
ions (OH- )

55
Q

Basic solutions

A

have pH values above
7

Basic solutions contain more hydroxide ion (OH- ) than hydrogen
ions (H+)

56
Q

The pH of most living cells
and their environments is
close to 7

A

True

57
Q

Proteins involved in metabolism are sensitive to any pH changes and can
denature (unfold)

A

True

58
Q

Buffers

A

(Organisms use buffers to minimize pH disturbances)

A buffer is a chemical substance that takes up or releases hydrogen ions
* Buffers help to maintain homeostasis (stable internal conditions).

59
Q

Four types of macromolecules:

A

*Proteins (Enzyme): enzymes, structural support, other roles
* Nucleic acids (DNA): genetic storage of information
* Carbohydrates (Starch): energy storage, structural support
* Lipids (Fats/Triaglycerol): energy storage, structural support, other roles

60
Q

Polymers Are Built of Monomers

A

True

Macromolecules (polymers) <-monomers

61
Q

Protein (polymer) macromolecule

A

are polymers of many
subunits called amino acids (monomer)

62
Q

The functional group gives amino acids their
chemical identity.
* There are 20 different types of amino acids

A

R- Group
True

63
Q

R groups differ
between amino acids, and that these
difference will influence the shape
and function of a protein

A

True

64
Q

Amino Acids linked together by Peptide Bond

A

The covalent bond
linking two amino
acids together is
called a peptide
bond.
The assembled
polymer is a called
polypeptide

65
Q

The order of amino acids affects
how the polypeptide chain fold
together.
* The way that a polypeptide folds
together determines the protein’s
function.

A

True

66
Q

Primary structure

A

the sequence of amino
acids in the polypeptide
chain

67
Q

Secondary structure:

A

the initial folding
of the polypeptide chain

Hydrogen bonds form between different parts of the polypeptide
chain

68
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

the final 3-D shape of the polypeptide

69
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

the spatial arrangement of
component polypeptides
in proteins composed of more than one
polypeptide chain

70
Q

Monomer: Nucleotide

A

Polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA)

71
Q

DNA Double Helix

A

The structure of DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid) is a double
helix
Two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds
between bases on opposite strands

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine
(T)
* Cytosine (C) pairs with
Guanine (G)

72
Q

Structure of DNA

A

The hydrogen bonds of the base pairs can
be broken to unzip the DNA so that
information can be copied.
* Each strand of DNA is mirror image so the
DNA contains two copies of the
information.
* Having two copies means that the
information can be accurately replicated
and passed the next generation

73
Q

There are two types of nucleic acids.

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* uses uracil instead of thymine.
* usually composed just one strand
* has a ribose sugar instead of
deoxyribose sugar.

74
Q

RNA is an important participant during
protein synthesis and DNA replication

A

True

75
Q

Monomer: Monosaccharide

A

Polymer: Carbohydrate (starch)

used for energy or
sometimes act as structural molecules

76
Q

Simple carbohydrates are made up of
one (monosaccharides) or two
(disaccharides) sugars (monomers)
* Complex carbohydrates are
polysaccharides (long polymers)

A

true

77
Q

Lipids

A

fats and other
molecules that do not dissolve
in water (Insoluble)

-Lipids are nonpolar molecules.
* Lipids include fats,
phospholipids, and many other molecules

78
Q

Fats have two types of subunits

A

-Fatty Acids
-Glycerol

78
Q

If the maximum number of
hydrogens are attached, then the
fat is called saturated.
* If there are fewer than the
maximum attached, then the fat is
called unsaturated.

A

fewer hydrogens= unsaturated

79
Q

what make up the
two layers of the cell
membrane

A

Phospholipids

80
Q

Cholesterol

A

is embedded
within the membrane and provides flexibility

81
Q

Hydrophilic (“water-loving) heads face the outside and inside of cell.
* Hydrophobic (“water-fearing’”) tails cluster within the core of the cell membrane.

A

True

82
Q

Lipids also include:

A

Steroid hormones
* Testosterone, estrogen
* Rubber
* Waxes
* Pigments
* Ex. Chlorophyll in plants
* Makes leaves green and photosynthetic

83
Q

The Cell Theory

A

-All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
-Cells are the smallest living things.
-Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells

84
Q

All Cells have:

A

-Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
-Cytoplasm
-Genetic material (DNA)
-Ribosomes

85
Q

Phospholipids

A

polar head
nonpolar tail

86
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cell
* Has a nucleus and other membrane-
bound organelles
* All other kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae,
Fungi, and Protista) have this cell type

Prokaryotic cell
* Lacks a nucleus and does not have an
extensive system membrane-bound
organelles.
* All bacteria and archaea have this cell
type

87
Q

Cholesterol acts like a
“buffer” for membrane
fluidity

A

True

Temperature decrease = decreasing fluidity

88
Q

Prokaryotes are the simplest cellular
organism

A

True

89
Q

Organelle:

A

a structure that performs a
particular process
* Mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi complex,
lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

90
Q

The cytoplasm is semi-fluid and contains
a network of protein fibers that form a
scaffold called cytoskeleton

A

True

91
Q
  • The cells of plants, fungi, and many protists have a cell wall
    external to the cell membrane.
  • Cells of plants and protists contain chloroplasts.
  • Plant cells contain a central vacuole.
  • Plant cells also have a plasmodesmata (connective openings in the cell wall)
A

True

92
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory:

A

These energy-harvesting organelles were derived from
ancient bacteria that were taken up by precursor
eukaryotic cells

93
Q

Why does a cell need a membrane?

A
  • To distinguish
    itself from its
    surroundings
  • To be
    selective
    about what
    gets in and
    out
94
Q

Selectively permeable

A

some substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances are not able to pass through

lipid bilayers

95
Q

What properties of
molecules
influence how well
they are able to
cross through the
lipid portion of the
membrane?

A

hydrophobic
small uncharged polar molecules
large uncharged polar molecules
ions

96
Q

Direct diffusion (passive) through the lipid bilayer

A

Energy NOT
required

97
Q

Active transport (using carrier proteins)
Membrane folding: bulk passage of materials in and out of cells (active)

A

Energy required

98
Q

Concentration gradient:

A

the concentration
difference across the membrane (C1 – C2)

99
Q

Hydrophobic molecules can diffuse
freely through a lipid bilayer

A

True

100
Q

The net (overall) movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration is called diffusion.
* Molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient.
* Equilibrium is reached when molecules are evenly dispersed within a
confined space.
* Diffusion is a passive process that requires no input of energy.

A

True

101
Q

Osmosis does not require
an input of energy

A

True

102
Q

the solution with the
higher solute concentration is said to
be hypertonic,

A

True

103
Q

and the solution with
the lower solute concentration is
said to be hypotonic

A

True

104
Q

Free water molecules move toward
a hypertonic solution.

If the amount of solutes (dissolved
molecules) in two solutions is equal,
the solutions are isotonic to each
other.

A

True

105
Q

Active transport utilizes protein carriers that open
only when energy (ATP) is supplied.

A

True

106
Q

Endocytosis

A

is the engulfing of substances outside of the cell in order to form a vesicle that is brought
inside the cel

107
Q

Exocytosis

A

is the discharge of substances from vesicles at the inner surface of the cell.

Psych (2 decks)

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