Bio 100 Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
What are the common features among all cells?
Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes
What are the additional features of prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall, capsule, pili, flagella
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
-Size (eukaryotes are about 10x larger)
-Nucleus (not present in prokaryotes)
-Organelles (not present in prokaryotes)
Eukaryotic Cells
What is the cytoplasm? What is found there?
Space inside the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. We find all of the
organelles in that space.
What is the plasma membrane?
Plasma membrane separate the cell from the outside environment
What is the Plasma Membrane composed of? How many layers are there?
Made up of phospholipids. There are 2 layers of them.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The membrane is in a constant state of motion (fluid). At that same time, the
membrane has all sorts of proteins floating on, in, through it (mosaic).
What is the nucleus?
This is the genetic control center of the cell. It directs all activity,
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that separate the nuclear material (DNA) from the rest of the cell.
There are holes called pores in the membrane that allow things to come and go.
What is the chromatin?
DNA and protein mixed together
What is the nucleolus?
Components of the ribosome are produced here
What are ribosomes? Where can they be found?
Ribosome make proteins
They are found associated to the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or found free
floating in the cytoplasm.
What is the endomembrane system? What are its components?
The endomembrane system is made up of the nuclear envelope, the rough and smooth ER, the
Golgi apparatus and lysosomes
What are the 2 varieties of endoplasmic reticulum? What is each responsible for?
-Rough ER - responsible for manufacturing proteins as well as membranes for the cell
-Smooth ER - responsible for production of other lipids like cholesterol as well as
detoxifying the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus? What is it responsible for?
The Golgi apparatus is like a warehouse/distribution center. It receives things produced
by the rough and smooth ER, modifies them, packages them up and then ships them out
to their final destination.
How does the whole Golgi apparatus system work together?
Rough and smooth ER produce things and send them to the Golgi. The Golgi modifies
packages and sends those things out.
What is the lysosome? What is it responsible for?
Like the garbage disposal of the cell. It will take things that are broken or no loner
needed by the cell and break them down into basic things like nucleotides, amino acids,
etc, that the cel can use again.
What are vacuoles?
Large sacs of membrane that bud off of the ER, Golgi or plasma membrane
What is the central vacuole in plants? What can it do?
Store nutrients, stores pigments, stores poisons for defense. Can absorb water causing cells to expand and become rigid (plant stand upright)
What is the chloroplast? What is it responsible for?
Photosynthesis
What is the structure of chloroplast?
Outer membrane, inner membrane. Inside the inner membrane are stacks of discs called Thylakoids where the light reactions occur. Also inside the inner membrane is a liquid called the Stroma, which is where the Calvin Cycle occurs
Is the chloroplast found in all eukaryotic organisms?
No, only found in Plants
What is the mitochondrion? What is it responsible for?
Powerhouse of the cell, where most energy is produced
What is the mitochondrion’s structure?
Outer membrane, inner membrane. Inner membrane has lots of folds to increase surface area so more respiration can occur. Inside the inner membrane is a space called the Matrix
Is the mitochondrion found in all eukaryotic organisms?
Yes
What is the cytoskeleton?
Provides structure to the shape of the cell. Also provides “roadways” for things to move around
the inside of the cell.
What are the components of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
What are cilia?
Cilia are short projects from the cell that aid in filtering things out (found in the cells of
your airways)
What are flagella?
Flagella are whip-like tails that aid in movement
Tissues Organ and Organ Systems
What is anatomy?
the study of the structure of an organisms parts
What is physiology?
the study of the function of the parts
What are the four types of tissues? What does each do?
Muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial
What are the types of connective tissue?
Loose connective, fibrous connective, bone, blood, cartilage, adipose
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
What is an organ? Know examples
Two or more tissues that work together to perform a function that none of them can do
on their own
Examples: liver, kidney, brain, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, etc
What is an organ system? Know examples.
Teams of organs that work together to form vital bodily functions. Examples: digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, urinary system,
integumentary system, etc.
What is energy?
The capacity to cause change
What are the types of energy?
Kinetic (energy of motion) and Potential (energy due to position or structure)
What is heat?
A type of kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules
What is entropy?
Measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in the universe
What is chemical energy?
A type of potential energy (energy is stored in the bonds between atoms).
What is ATP?
ATP is energy for the cell.
What is the structure of ATP?
Adenosine attached to a phosphate group, which is attached to a phosphate group, which is attached to a phosphate.
Where is the energy stored in ATP?
Between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate groups and the 1st & 2nd Phosphate groups.
What kinds of work can the free phosphates be used for?
Mechanical
Transport
Chemical
How is ATP/ADP renewable?
ADP can have a phosphate added back in just as easily as the phosphate was lost
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are a sub-category of proteins
How do they aid a chemical reaction?
They aid a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to occur. More plainly, they provide the proper environment the for the reaction to occur fast and often.
What is the substrate?
It is the molecule that an enzyme is looking to react with
What is the active site?
This is the location of the reaction the enzyme will perform. The substrate will fit into the active
site like a key into a lock.
What are enzyme inhibitors?
Enzyme inhibitors block enzymes from performing chemical reactions.
How do enzyme inhibitors work?
Direct inhibition: The inhibitor blocks the active site, preventing the enzyme from interacting
with the substrate. Indirect inhibition: The inhibitor binds to some other location on the enzyme. This changes the 3D shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits and the enzyme cannot do the reaction.
What are some functions of the membrane?
Enzymatic activity, transport activity, cell-cell recognition, cell-signaling, intercellular joining
What are transport proteins?
Proteins used to transport things in or out of the cell that cannot go straight through the membrane.
What is diffusion? How does it work?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules spreading out evenly in the available space from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration until everything is balanced.
What is passive transport?
A type of diffusion where substances can go through a membrane without any assistance needed.
what substances can go through a membrane without any assistance needed?
Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
What is facilitated diffusion?
A type of diffusion where substances are moved across the membrane with the assistance of a transport protein.
DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
What is selective permeability?
Refers to membrane that will allow some things through and other things not
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane
What does it mean to be hypertonic?
lots of solute, little water
What does it mean to be Hypotonic?
lots of water, little solute
What does it mean to be Isotonic?
water/solute balanced on both sides of a membrane
Water will always move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution until the
solutions become isotonic
.
What happens to plant and animal cells in contact with a low solute solution?
-This means high water, so we’re talking about hypotonic
-Water will come into the cell because it is hypertonic compared to the hypotonic
solution outside
-Animal cells will swell and explode
-Plant cells will swell until the reach the cell wall
What happens to plant and animals cells in contact with a high solution solution?
-This means low water, so we’re talking about a hypertonic solution
-Water will leave the cell because it is hypotonic compared to the hypertonic solution
outside
-Animals cells and plants cells shrivel and die in this scenario
What is the only type of transport that requires energy?
Active transport - moving something from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
What is exocytosis?
Is the export (leaving the cell) of large molecules that cannot go through a transport protein when they
leave the cell.
What is endocytosis?
Is the import (entering the cell) of large molecules that cannot go through a transport protein when they
enter the cell.
What is a neuron?
Nerve cells that carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
What is a neurons structure?
Cell body, dendrites (signal is received), axon (signal is transmitted to the next cell), Myelin sheath (chain of bead-like supporting cells that wrap around and insulate the axon), synaptic terminal (end of the nerve cell where the signal will be transmitted to the next cell)
