Bio 10 - C3

Question 1

Cuticle

Answer 1

Waxy substance that protects the epidermal layer
Helps prevent water loss
Dermal

Question 2

Upper Epidermis

Answer 2

One-cell thick
Layer is tightly packed, transparent
*Protects the leaf against physical damage and pathogens (bacteria/fungi)
Dermal

–Upper epidermis is mainly involved in water conservation by eliminating excess sunlight.–

Question 3

Lower Epidermis

Answer 3

One-cell thick
Layer is tightly packed, transparent
(PPD+P) *Protects the leaf against Physical Damage and Pathogens (bacteria/fungi)
Dermal

–more stomata–
–Lower epidermis is mainly involved in the gas exchange.–

Question 4

Stomata

Answer 4

(agio)
Allows Gas In + Out of leaf
Small openings in the epidermal layer that can open or close
Stomata is the hole between the 2 guard cells

Question 5

Guard Cells - Explain the controlling of the stomata

Answer 5

Water loss can be controlled by guard cells

Opening - guard cells gain water => moist environment, light, low CO2
Closing - guard cells lose water => dry environment

Question 6

Xylem

Answer 6

Vascular Tissue Cells

(Xy to the sky, flow to the low)
Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves (to the sky)
Cells are dead

Question 7

Phloem

Answer 7

Vascular Tissue Cells

(Xy to the sky, flow to the low)
Phloem transports sugars produced by the leaves to various parts of the plant where they are needed

(Sugar produced by photosynthesis)

Question 8

Palisade Cells

Answer 8

Ground Tissue Cells

Long and narrow cells (P - looks like palace)
Many chloroplasts

(MLP) Site of most of the leaf’s photosynthesis

Question 9

Spongy Tissue Cells

Answer 9

Loosely packed cells that contain chloroplasts
Carry out photosynthesis

**Air Space Between cells Allow for Gas Transport Within the leaf.
(AS BAGT)

**Spaces allow for more efficient gas exchange
(SAMEE)

Question 10

Vascular Bundle

Answer 10

Vascular Tissue Cells

Series of Tubes that are Visible as Leaf Veins (ST VLV)
Contains Xylem and Phloem that transport fluids

Question 11

Root System

Answer 11

Absorbs water and minerals from below ground

Question 12

Root System - Organs - Roots

Answer 12

Often store carbohydrates
Absorb minerals and water

Question 13

What does Shoot System do?

Answer 13

Absorb CO2 and light above ground

Question 14

Stems

Answer 14

Supports the leaves and reproductive structure

Question 15

Leaves

Answer 15

The main photosynthetic organ of the plant

Question 16

Dermal Tissue

Answer 16

Protective Covering/Layer

• Cuticle
• Epidermis
• Stomata

Question 17

Vascular Tissue

Answer 17

Carries out long distance transport of materials between root and shoot system

• Vascular Bundle
• Xylem
• Phloem

Question 18

Ground Tissue

Answer 18

Specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support.

• Palisade Cells
• Spongy Tissue Cells

Question 19

Root Pressure

Answer 19

POSITIVE Root pressure is created by the accumulation of water in the root system.

Question 20

Transpiration Pull

Answer 20

Is created by water evaporation - Negative pressure

Question 21

Cohesion and Adhesion

Answer 21

Cohesion - Water sticks to water
Adhesion - Water sticks to Hydrophilic surfaces

Question 22

Steps in Transportation

Answer 22

1) Loading of Sugars
2) Uptake of Water - Osmosis - Water
3) Bulk Transport- phloem sap toward the sugar sink
4) Unloading of Sugar

Question 23

Guttation

Answer 23

When at night, water still goes up, but photosynthesis doesn’t happen, so water collects on the surroundings of the leaf.

Question 24

Cohesion

Answer 24

Water molecules stick to other water molecules.
Ex. Pulls water molecules up to leaves

Question 25

Adhesion

Answer 25

Water molecules stick to certain surfaces (hydrophilic). Ex. Glue Ex. Water sticks to xylem

Question 26

2) Uptake of Water - Osmosis - Water

Answer 26

Water moves passively across, diluting high [] of solute

Question 27

3) Bulk Transport - Pressure and concentration gradients move the phloem sap toward the sugar sink.

Answer 27

Increased V in container = pressure ↑ ↑V = ↑P Of fluid inside Not container

Question 28

1) Loading of Sugars - Sugars produced by Active transport

Answer 28

Against concentration gradient

Question 29

Most gas exchange occurs in

Answer 29

stomata

Question 30

Most photosynthesis happens in ______, or more specifically __________.

Answer 30

Leaves, Palisade

Question 31

CO2 goes _____, and O2 goes _____. This transport is done through ________ _________.

Answer 31

In, out. Passive diffusion => due to [] gradient.

Question 32

Lenticles (Stomata are to leaves, like lenticles are to stems)

Answer 32

Are lens shaped openings in the bark of woody plants that enable gas exchange.

Question 33

Tropism

Answer 33

Any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from stimuli. **Stimuli is any change in an organism's environment that causes the organism to react.

Question 34

How plants respond to change

Answer 34

Adjusting their individual patterns of growth and development.

Question 35

How Animals respond to environmental stimuli

Answer 35

Mainly by behavioral mechanisms

Question 36

posi-T-ive Tropism

Answer 36

Growth TOWARDS the stimulus

Question 37

neg-A-tive tropism

Answer 37

Growth Away From the stimulus

Question 38

Phototropism

Answer 38

Growth towards or away from light Seedling grows TOWARDS light => positive tropism

Question 39

Darwin and Darwin Experiment R:? Q:?

Answer 39

The ***tip** of the seedling detects light and sends a signal down to the **stem** to control growth. Q: What part senses light?

Question 40

Boysen-Jensen Experiment (MO-CHE)(Sg -s-g)

Answer 40

Q: What signal controls stem growth? The signal is a *MObile CHEmical" because it passes through the gelatin block (POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM = permeable barrier), but not through the mica block (No phototropism = impermeable barrier).

Question 41

Frits Went

Answer 41

Q: What is the chemical signal? R: Centered - grows straight up Off-Centered - Curved away from the side with the agar block growth in the dark *AUXIN* is the chemical messenger, hormone, that causes *Elongation* of the cell on the darker side.

Question 42

Roots in response to gravitropism

Answer 42

Positive response to gravitropism in roots

Question 43

Stems in response to gravitropism

Answer 43

Negative response to gravitropism in stems

Question 44

Where Auxin accumulates

Answer 44

Bottom of the cell

Question 45

In stems Auxin ______ growth, in roots Auxin ______ growth

Answer 45

Stimulates, prevents

Question 46

Positive gravitropism roots

Answer 46

Roots + ↓

Question 47

Negative gravitropism stems

Answer 47

Stems - ↑ Growing against gravity