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bio 1 exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

change in the genetic composition of populations over time

A

evolution

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2
Q

understanding and biological application of the processes that result in genetic changes in population over time

A

evolutionary theory

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3
Q

presented strong evidence for the fact of evolution in 1809 but had no convincing ideas about HOW it occurred

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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4
Q

3 parts of the evolutionary theory

A
  1. species change over time 2. divergent species share a common ancestor(descent without modification) 3. changes in species can be explained by natural selection
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5
Q

selective breeding of organisms

A

artificial selection

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6
Q

traits from one generation are passed along to future generations

A

descent

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7
Q

ultimate sourcee of genetic modification

A

mutation

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8
Q

new versions of genes

A

novel alleles

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9
Q

recombination generates…

A

new combination of alleles

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10
Q

mutation introduces new ___ into a population

A

alleles

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11
Q

evolution is a property of a _______________

A

group of organisms

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12
Q

you are a ____ descendent of a large # of people but a ____ descendant of a relatively small subsample of them

A

genealogical, genetic

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13
Q

an explanation of the historical relationship among organisms

A

genealogy

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14
Q

traits that become reduced/lost

A

atrophy

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15
Q

evolution only works on ___traits

A

heritable

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16
Q

only ____ traits evolve in populations

A

heritable

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17
Q

the idea that natural processes at work today have been at work throughout the earth’s history and can explain all geological change

A

geologic uniformitarianism

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18
Q

who believed that war famine and other human catastrophes were going to result from overpopulation

A

Thomas malthus

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19
Q

different reproductive success of certain individuals with more or less desirable traits.

A

natural selection

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20
Q

______ is one mechanism by which evolution occurs

A

natural selection

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21
Q

change in biological POPULATIONS over time

A

evolution

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22
Q

a heritable change in DNA

A

mutation

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23
Q

four forces that cause allele frequencies to change

A

Mutations, random genetic drift, migration, natural selection

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24
Q

____ is a change in the allele frequency due to random sampling of gametes, random death and survival of individuals, and random variation in # of offspring

A

genetic drift

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25
Q

variance is inversely proportional to the initial ___

A

population size

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26
Q

situation in which one allele is lost and the other becomes the only one present in the population

A

fixation

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27
Q

genetic drift is not the same as natural selection because it occurs _____

A

randomly

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28
Q

gene flow or movement of individuals alleles from one population to another

A

migration

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29
Q

gene flow has the capacity to ___ genetic diversity

A

increase

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30
Q

genetic drift tends to ____ genetic diversity

A

reduce

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31
Q

two forces that cause genotype frequencies to change (but no change in allele frequencies)

A

recombination and non-random mating

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32
Q

rearrangement of genetic material

A

recombination

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33
Q

___ is when the probability that two individuals will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals

A

non random mating

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34
Q

hardy weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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35
Q

if a population is not at hardy Weinberg a _____ of truly random mating will restore that population to equilibrium

A

single generation

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36
Q

at ______ the frequency of alleles is the same from one generation to the next

A

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

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37
Q

a beneficial mutation that is favored by natural selection

A

adaptation

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38
Q

have discrete quantities and are influenced by alleles at a single locus or just a few loci

A

qualitative traits

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39
Q

demonstrate continuous variation and are often influenced by a larger group of genes

A

quantitative traits

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40
Q

occurs when an extreme phenotype is the fittest to the trait moves in the direction of the extreme phenotype over time

A

directional selection

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41
Q

development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of

A

directional selection

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42
Q

what does a directional selection graph look like

A

straight upward sloping line and bell-shaped curve

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43
Q

the selection that favors average individuals

A

stabilizing selection

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44
Q

occurs when genetic variation decreases as the population stabilize around one intermediate trait

A

stabilizing selection

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45
Q

stabilizing selection ___ genetic variation

A

reduces

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46
Q

for directional selection, if you consider a single genetic locus it is called _____ for that variant

A

positive selection

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47
Q

for stabilizing selection, if you consider a single genetic locus it is called _____ for that variant

A

purifying selection

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48
Q

occurs when an intermediate trait is selected against and the trait tends toward both extreme phenotypes

A

disruptive selection

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49
Q

a selection that can result in a bimodal distribution of traits

A

disruptive selection

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50
Q

if an average phenotype is most fit ___ will occur

A

stabalizing

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51
Q

if one extreme phenotype is most fit _____ will occur

A

directional selection

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52
Q

if both extreme phenotypes are most fit ____ will occur

A

disruptive selection

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53
Q

multiple forms or multiple alleles

A

polymorphisms

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54
Q

a gradual change in phenotype over a temperature gradient

A

clinal variation

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55
Q

occurs when fitness depends on the relative frequency of a genotype or phenotype in the population

A

frequency-dependent selection

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56
Q

a special case of natural selection in which specific characteristics of some sex are favored

A

sexual selection

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57
Q

an individuals ____ is a measure of its contribution to the next generation

A

fitness

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58
Q

two types of fitness

A

absolute and relative

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59
Q

refers to lifetime productive success

A

absolute fitness (W)

60
Q

an individuals fitness relative to some reference type

A

relative fitness (w)

61
Q

occurs when a gene’s impact on one trait conveys a fitness advantage while its impact on another trait conveys a disadvantage

A

antagonistic pleiotropy

62
Q

the situation in which a single gene impacts multiple traits

A

pleiotropy

63
Q

the equilibrium that occurs when purifying selection removes deleterious variation at the same rate that mutation introduces a new variation

A

mutation-selection balance (MSB)

64
Q

change in populations solely due to the effects of mutation and random genetic drift

A

neutral evolution

65
Q

differential selection of groups based on heritable group variation

A

group selection

66
Q

the process by which asexually reproducing organisms accumulate deleterious mutations

A

mullers ratchet

67
Q

study of evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms

A

phylogenetics

68
Q

describes the evolutionary history of the relationship among groups of living things

A

phylogeny

69
Q

the study of relationships among organisms based on the degree of similarity among them

A

phenetics

70
Q

an approach to biological classification in which organisms are grouped together in monophyletic groups based on their most recent common ancestor

A

cladistics

71
Q

any heritable traits shared by more than one species and inherited from a common ancestor

A

homology

72
Q

shared derived that provide evidence of common ancestry

A

synapomorphies

73
Q

traits that are shared not due to a common evolutionary theory but rather because of convergent evolution

A

homoplasies

74
Q

occurs when similar traits evolve in different lineages due to similar evolutionary pressures such as similar environments

A

convergent evolution

75
Q

occurs when a character reverts from a derived state back to an ancestral state

A

evolutionary reversals

76
Q

genetic drift is a more signifigant force for ____ mutations

A

smaller

77
Q

the size of the force of genetic drift is proportional to the _____ of the population size

A

inverse

78
Q

force of genetic drift=

A

1/N

79
Q

the inverse of time between fixation events

A

substitution rate

80
Q

A ____ is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence

A

nucleotide substitution (point mutation)

81
Q

nucleotide substitutions that have no effect on the encoded amino acid

A

synonymous substitution or silent substitutions

82
Q

nucleotide substitution that does change the amino acid sequence and thus can have an impact on the final phenotype

A

nonsynonymous substitution (replacement substitution)

83
Q

_____ substitutions are most likely to be influenced by natural selection

A

nonsynonymous

84
Q

when the rate of nonsynonymous substitution exceeds the rate of synonymous substitution (dN/dS>1)

A

positive selection

85
Q

when the rate of nonsynonymous substitution is approximately equal to the rate of synonymous substitution (dN/dS=1)

A

neutral selection

86
Q

when the rate of nonsynonymous substitution is less than the rate of synonymous substitution (dN/dS<1)

A

negative(purifying) selection

87
Q

the majority of repetitive DNA is made up of _______ elements

A

transposable

88
Q

segments of DNA that can move within the genome of a cell by means of a DNA or RNA intermediate

A

transposable elements

89
Q

two ways that transposable elements can integrate themselves into the genome

A

“cut and paste through conservative transportation” and “copy and paste through replicative transposition”

90
Q

DNA transposons are ____transposable elements

A

cut and paste

91
Q

Retrotransposons are ___ transposable elements

A

copy and paste

92
Q

transposable element is a form of ____recombination

A

non homologous

93
Q

review page 49!

A

krjgnrg

94
Q

the simplest transposable element in prokaryotes is called the

A

insertion sequence

95
Q

process by which an insertion sequence might occur?

A
  1. recognition 2. cleave 3. bind to inverted repeats 4. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill in the gaps in the DNA
96
Q

during transposition, the transposable element jumps from a portion of the already replicated DNA to

A

unreplicated DNA

97
Q

after replication is complete one of the newly formed daughter strands will have __ copies of the transposable element

A

two

98
Q

the increasing # of proliferation in the genome is called ______

A

transcription element proliferation

99
Q

____transposable elements that can only “copy and paste”

A

retrotransposons

100
Q

the process by which retrotransposons might proliferate in the genome

A
  1. gene encoding reverse transcriptase and integrase is translated
  2. reverse transcriptase makes DNA copy of the mRNA for the transposon
  3. a complementary DNA strand is formed, producing double-stranded DNA
  4. integrase integrates the double-stranded retrotransposon sequence
101
Q

what does the proliferation of transposable elements in the genome do

A

increase in genome size, increase in genomic mutation rate, increase in the probability of ectopic recombination

102
Q

dead transposable elements

A

nonautonomous transposable elements

103
Q

____ recombination is a type of nonhomologous or illegitimate recombination

A

ectopic recombination

104
Q

nonfunctional nucleotide sequences quite similar to functional genes

A

pseudogenes

105
Q

the process by which biological lineages diverge due to reproductive isolation, resulting in new species

A

speciation

106
Q

speciation is sometimes called

A

macroevolution

107
Q

defines a species based on observable morphological characteristics

A

morphological species concept

108
Q

defines a species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

biological species concept

109
Q

the situation in which two groups of organisms are incapable of exchanging genes

A

reproductive isolation

110
Q

defines a species as two groups that share a branch on the tree of life

A

lineage species concept

111
Q

a simple model that explains how a single lineage can split into two reproductively isolated species

A

Dobzhansky-muller model

112
Q

a simple model that explains how a single lineage can split into two reproductively isolated species

A

Dobzhansky-muller model

113
Q

occurs when a population is divided by a physical or geographic barrier forming two reproductively isolated populations that evolve independently

A

allopatric speciation

114
Q

occur when a single species undergoes multiple speciation events so that each newly formed species is able to occupy a specific niche in the environment

A

adaptive radiations

115
Q

occurs when species arise from a population that remains connected

A

sympatric speciation

116
Q

three major types of sympatric speciation

A

disruptive selection, assortative mating, polyploidy

117
Q

refers to species that are in the process of diverging into separate species that can currently interbreed

A

incipient species

118
Q

when natural selection favors parents who mate with their own species over parents who hybridize

A

post-zygotic reproductive isolation

119
Q

reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding after the development of the zygote

A

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

120
Q

organisms that are isolated because they never have the opportunity to reproduce due to the timing of reproduction

A

temporal isolation

121
Q

five types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

mechanical, temporal, behavioral, gametic

122
Q

when animals are able to reproduce sexually but the offspring they create are not viable and die quickly

A

low hybrid zygote viability

123
Q

when animals are able to reproduce sexually but when their offsprings have offsprings they become sterile or feeble

A

low hybrid adult viability

124
Q

when animals sexually reproduce and their offspring cannot reproduce

A

hybrid infertility

125
Q

____ is a dynamical system that is self-reproducing, response to environmental stimuli, is in local violation of the second law of thermodynamics, and is capable of evolving

A

life

126
Q

how many years ago did life emerge?

A

between 3.5 and 3.9 billion years ago

127
Q

biochemical process by which biological molecules and living things are created

A

biogenesis

128
Q

who was able to turn inorganic substances into simple amino acids and other raw materials

A

miller and urey

129
Q

clusters of molecules that form precursors to living cells

A

protocells

130
Q

sequences of self-replicating molecules that are connected to one other in a cyclic autocatalytic manner

A

protocells

131
Q

the hypothesis that proposed there was a time in the development of life when self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins

A

RNA world hypothesis

132
Q

RNA suggests that archaea is more closely related to ___ than ___

A

eukarya than bacteria

133
Q

commonalities between all lifeforms?

A
  1. plasma membranes and ribosomes
  2. common metabolic pathways
  3. semiconservative DNA replication
  4. DNA that encodes proteins
134
Q

eukarya and archaea both lack a?

A

peptidoglycan

135
Q

what uses lateral gene transfer to move genes

A

prokaryotes

136
Q

study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples

A

metagenomics or enviro genomics

137
Q

bacteria that can live in extreme environments and are the deepest bacterial lineages

A

hadobacteria and hyperthermophilic bacteria

138
Q

bacteria that stains purple because of their thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls

A

firmicutes

139
Q

differentiated cells that consist of DNA and a small amount of cytoplasmic material enclosed by a cell wall and a heat-resistant coat

A

endospores

140
Q

genus of bacteria that lack cell walls

A

mycoplasma

141
Q

bacteria that oxygenated earths atmosphere

A

cyanobacteria

142
Q

the largest and most diverse group of bacteria that we know about

A

proteobacteria

143
Q

obligate intracellular parasites that cant grow outside living cells

A

viruses

144
Q

are central to virus replication and structure, they are shared by a broad variety of viruses but are missing from cellular genomes.

A

viral hallmark genes

145
Q

what two domains are monophyletic

A

eukarya and archea

146
Q

the theory that stated eukaryotic cells gained a nucleus before mitochondria

A

complexity-early theory

147
Q

eukaryotic cells gained mitochondria before a nucleus

A

complexity-late theory

bio 1 exam 4 (1 decks)

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