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Visual Science: Binocular Vision > Binocular Vision: Lecture 4: Visual Direction (1) > Flashcards

Binocular Vision: Lecture 4: Visual Direction (1) Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What are the 5 Requirements needed for Binocular Vision?
A
  1. 2 Eyes
  2. Neural Pathway
  3. Neural Processing System
  4. Extra-Ocular Muscles
  5. Motor Controlled Systems
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2
Q

How do we localize in space?

  1. What does Single Vision consist of?
  2. What does Double Vision consist of?
  3. What does the Visual System rely upon?
A
  1. Seeing 1 Object in 1 Single Direction
  2. Seeing an Object in 2 Different Directions
  3. Relies on Info Acquired about PHYSICAL SPACE (3-D world around us) thru INDIRECT MEANS
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3
Q

Visual Direction

  1. Location of an Object in Space is determined by 2 values: What are they?
  2. What is VISUAL DIRECTION?
    a. What does it take into account?
    b. Does distance matter?
A
  1. Direction and Distance relative to our position
  2. 2-D localization of an object
    a. Only Lateral and Vertical Position of the Object

b. No.

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4
Q

What is the Third Dimension

  1. What is it?
  2. Define VISUAL SPACE?
A
  1. Perception of Distance that’s DEPENDENT on the Processing of Visual Direction
  2. Visual System Builds Directionality along w/other Visual Cues to Build its interpretation of the 3-D world.
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5
Q

Local Sign (1)

  1. What is it?
    a. What does Each Neuron Encode?
  2. How is Local Sign made possible?
    a. What is it?
A
  1. Capacity of Visual Neurons to Process Direction
    a. a Unique 2-D Direction Associated with it.
  2. By the Retinotopic Mapping of Neurons in the Visual System
    a. The Ability to Distinguish Activity of an Individual Detector from that of its Neighboring Detectors
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6
Q

Local Sign (2)

  1. When an Image is formed on a specific Retinal Location, what 3 things are stimulated?
  2. What can tell us which location of the retina was stimulated?
    a. What does this provide us with?
A
  1. a Neuron with a corresponding particular location w/in the retina, LGN, and Striate Cortex
  2. Position of a particular active neuron w/in the LGN or Visual Cortex
    a. w/a UNIQUE MEASURE of the DIRECTION in SPACE where the stimulus originated
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7
Q

Visual Direction (1)

  1. How can Visual Direction be represented?
  2. What is the VISUAL AXIS?
  3. Visual Direction: Is it an ABSOLUTE or a RELATIVE Judgment?
A
  1. by a Straight Line (a Visual Line or Line of Sight) that projects from a given point on the retina passing thru the Entrance pupil of the eye and out into physical space
  2. It’s the Visual line that Passes From the FOVEA to an Object of Regard
  3. RELATIVE Judgment
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8
Q

Visual Direction (2)

  1. What is the PRINCIPAL VISUAL DIRECTION?
  2. What are Secondary Visual Directions?
A
  1. Reference against which we compare all directions

2. All other directions (Left, Right, Above, or Below the Fixation point)

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9
Q

Visual Direction (3)

  1. When the Eye moves, the Fovea Moves, and so does what?
    a. What happens to the 2ndary Visual Directions?
  2. Local Sign Provides what?
A
  1. the Principal Visual Direction
    a. They move to remain in the Same positions relative to the Primary Visual Direction
  2. OCULOCENTRIC (Eye-centered) DIRECTION…so as eye shifts, so does this direction
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10
Q

Law of Oculometric Visual Direction (1)

  1. What Retinal Images will be seen in the same Oculocentric Visual Direction?
    a. However, they may be PERCEIVED at DIFFERENT DISTANCES in that Direction. (What is this called)?
  2. If a single retinal point is stimulated by multiple stimuli w/the same directional values will induce what?
A
  1. Superimposed Retinal Images
    a. Law of Oculocentric Visual Direction
  2. the Visual System to Interpret the Location of a Stimuli as SUPERIMPOSED and w/the SAME Direction
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11
Q

Law of Oculometric Visual Direction (2)

  1. The accuracy of Visual Direction is in DIRECT/INDIRECT proportion to the size of the Receptive fields that determine Position?
    a. Visual Direction is Localized More accurately for what: Images formed on the fovea or for Images formed on the Peripheral Retina?
  2. With smaller receptive fields at the fovea, Finer displacements can be appreciated. Judgments of visual direction fall off in accuracy w/more peripheral retinal Loci cuz Receptive fields are larger there. What is this called?
A
  1. DIRECT
    a. For Images formed on the Fovea
  2. PERCEPTION of MOTION
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12
Q

Eccentric Fixation vs. Eccentric Viewing

  1. Define Eccentric Fixation.
  2. Define Eccentric Viewing
  3. Eccentric Fixation is a COMMON consequence of what?
    a. It contributes to Vision Loss in what?
A
  1. A Point other than the Fovea may be used to Determine the PRINCIPAL Visual Direction
  2. an Extrafoveal Point may be purposely selected for aiming the eye, identifying objects, and reading
  3. of Strabismus
    a. Amblyopia
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13
Q

Visuoscopy

  1. It’s a Clinical Technique used to determine what?
    a. What can it diagnose?
A
  1. Visual Direction

a. Eccentric Fixation

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14
Q
  1. Past Pointing is related to a mismatch b/w what?

2. What does a Paretic Muscle need?

A
  1. the actual eye position and the amt of innervation required to move the eye to its final position
  2. needs extra Innervation from the Normal Level that’s needed to move the eye to any particular gaze direction
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15
Q

Law of Head Centric Localization

  1. What does this law state?
A
  1. that for a given position of the eye in the head, objects lying on the same line of sight are seen in the same head centric visual direction
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16
Q

Binocular Visual Direction

  1. How is Binocular Visual Direction determined?
  2. If a subject fixates on a mark on a window pane, the objects that lie on each eye’s principal visual direction when viewed monocularly will be seen as OVERLAPPING in what?
A
  1. by the Law of Identical Visual Directions

2. PVD

17
Q
  1. Under Bincocular Conditions, we see directions not relative to each eye alone, but relative to what?
  2. Egocentric Visual Direction
A
  1. to a single reference point w/in our head (the EGOCENTER)
    * Cyclopean Eye
    * Egocentric Localization
  2. Taget..Perception is that you have a HOLE in the HAND
18
Q

Law of Identical Visual Direction

  1. What test can demonstrate this?
A
  1. The Afterimage Test
19
Q

Eye Dominance

  1. In Strabismus, the Egocentric Direction can be shifted toward which eye?
  2. The Loss of 1 Eye at an early age can shift the Egocentric Direction toward what?
A
  1. the Non-deviating Eye

2. towards that of the Single Remaining Eye

Visual Science: Binocular Vision (20 decks)

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