Binocular vision

Question 1

most primary visual sensory responses

Answer 1

are monocular and unchanged by binocularity

Question 2

image stablisation

Answer 2

when an observeer changes position, different retinal receptios are stimulated when viewing an object and the object does not move
occurs at the cortical levle

Question 3

corresponding retinal points

Answer 3

required for BSV
retinal elements share common subjective visual direction
connected to the same areas of the cortext

Question 4

horopter

Answer 4

line in space connecting corresponding points with no binoculr disparity

Question 5

panum’s area

Answer 5

region bordering a horopter
images in this areas with still be seen as a single image despite falling on disparate retinal elementes

Question 6

panum’s area is an ellopse

Answer 6

fuse greater dispariteis in the horizontal than in the vertical
narrowest at the fixation point and border in ther periphery

Question 7

fusional amplitudes

Answer 7

degrees of retinal disparites outwith Panums areas that can be overcome by eye movements (motor fusion)

Question 8

visual direction

Answer 8

stimulus falls on corresponding retinal elements and is perceived as being in the same visual direction regardless of which eye is viewing it

Question 9

Worth’s classification grade 1

Answer 9

simultaneous macular perception
- visual cortext can perceive separate stimuli to the 2 eye at the same time
- absent in amblyopia

Question 10

Worth’s classification grade 2

Answer 10

Sensory fusion
- two images dused with ability to superimpose
- motor fusion

Question 11

Worth’s classification grade 3

Answer 11

steropsis
- images are blenede to achieve depth perception

Question 12

Sensory fusion

Answer 12

images with slight biocular disparity that fall within panum’s area are seen as single

Question 13

Dichoptic stimulation

Answer 13

dissimar images in the same retinal area develops binocular / retinal rivlary
- to remove confusion one image is suppressed leading to dominance

Question 14

suppression

Answer 14

neuro-physioloigcal inhibitory mehcniam to prevent confision or dipoplioa

Question 15

diriving standards for BSV

Answer 15

20 degrees above and below horizontal
60 degress either side of vertical

Question 16

normal BSV

Answer 16

bifoveal

Question 17

anamalous BSV

Answer 17

images projected is foveal in one eye, and extrafoveal in the other
- abnromal retinal corresponse

Question 18

normal fusional vergence: convergence

Answer 18

near - 25 PD
Far - 15-20 PD

Question 19

normal fusional vergence: divergence

Answer 19

near - 9-12PD
far - 6-10PD

Question 20

normal fusional vergence: vertical

Answer 20

2-3 PD

Question 21

normal fusional vergence: torsional

Answer 21

2-3 degrees