bino

Question 1

(Accommodative response) placing convex lens in front of the eyes

Answer 1

Fogging Method

Question 2

(Accommodative response) the vergence of light in the retina is so great that that artificial ___________ is created; and the use of excessive accommodation will only __________ the target further.

Answer 2

myopia; blur

Question 3

(Accommodative response) True or False: As the amount of “fog” is gradually decreasing, the point of light (which originally blurred blob) will gradually clear up and appear as a sharp point. At the moment, the operator can determine the amount of accommodation in play.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or False: The accommodative response can be measured clinically by the use of dynamic retinoscopy and the binocular cross-cylinder test.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Dynamic Retinoscopy is an _________ test, while Binocular cross-cylinder is a ___________________

Answer 5

Objective; Subjective

Question 6

is a method of objectively determining the patient’s refractive error at a distance (usually 6m) in which the examiner observes the direction and speed of the retinoscope reflex

Answer 6

Static Retinoscopy

Question 7

True or False: The objective of the static retinoscope is to determine the lens power required in each principal meridian to eliminate the movement of the reflex, achieving neutrality

Answer 7

True

Question 8

is a method of objectively determining a patient’s refractive error at a near point (40cm), to determine how much more plus (or less minus) lens power is required to achieve neutrality.

Answer 8

Dynamic Retinoscopy

Question 9

is done at a distance of 40cm. The patient, looking through a crossed cylinder with their minus axes at 90 degrees, binocularly fixates a cross-grid target in dim illumination

Answer 9

Binocular crossed-cylinder test

Question 10

While spherical lens power is changed, the patient is asked to report when the vertical and horizontal lines are equally distinct. As in dynamic retinoscopy, the expectation is that additional plus power—as compared with the subjective refraction at distance—will be required. This additional plus power is a measurement of the _____________

Answer 10

lag of accommodation.

Question 11

True or False: Unfortunately, there is no clinical method that can be used for measuring a patient’s accommodative response while other testing procedures, such as distance subjective refraction or binocular vision testing, are being carried out.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

although accommodation was formerly considered to be a ________ response that “rests at infinity,” it is now understood that accommodation is a ____________response that rests at some intermediate point (Owens, 1991).

Answer 12

one-way; two-way

Question 13

amount of accommodation is less than the required by the stimulus

Answer 13

lag of accommodation

Question 14

the amount of accommodation tends to exceed that required by the stimulus

Answer 14

lead of accommodation

Question 15

True or False: Morgan (1957) concluded that there is evidence for the existence of negative accommodation—mediated by the sympathetic nervous system—and that the normal resting state of accommodation could be the equivalent of about 0.75 D of clinical myopia (corresponding to a physical distance of 1.33 m).

Answer 15

True

Question 16

tests to measure lag of accommodation

Answer 16

Near-point test

Question 17

the lag of accommodation for young patients is almost always found to be between ___________, with an average of about ____________, whereas for presbyopes, these tests provide an estimate of the required bifocal addition.

Answer 17

zero and +1.00 D; +0.50 D

Question 18

The lag of accommodation depends on the _________ of the eye

Answer 18

depth of focus

Question 19

True or False: The depth of focus varies with pupil size and the size of the object regard

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The smaller the pupil, the ________ the depth of focus. The larger the pupil, the _________ the depth of focus

Answer 20

greater

Question 21

One way to minimize the effects or depth of focus is to avoid …..

Answer 21

using illumination so high as to unduly constrict the patient’s
pupil (a 40-watt bulb at a distance of about 2 ft from the reading card is adequate)

Question 22

In near-point test, the letters should be as large as possible, consistent with the patient’s visual acuity, and the practitioner should admonish the patient to keep the letters in sharp focus.

Answer 22

False; the letters should be as large as possible

Question 23

designed to minimize the lead of accommodation

Answer 23

use of “fogging lenses”