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BIM Flashcards

1
Q

Define Information systems:

A

All the software and hardware that the firm needs to achieve its business objectives.

Two perspectives:
1)Technical perspective: a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making.
2)Organisational perspective: Not only hardware and software make up IS but also its data, organisational processes and people who use them.

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2
Q

Ethics in Information Systems:

A

Ethics refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices to guide their behavior.
One example in IS is people tracking, which is often used for marketing without consent. Behavior patterns also can be analyzed and used for marketing purposes or discrimination in the workplace.

Trends that raise ethical issues:
1)Computing power doubles every 18 months (organizations rely on computers, thus leading to a vulnerability in case of system failure)
2)Data storage costs rapidly decline (Companies can easily hold detailed data on individuals)
3)Data analysis advances (Firms can analyze more and more data on individuals and create precise profiles based on their behavior)
4)Networking advances (access to data is increasingly enabled as moving data is less costly)
5)Mobile growth (cellphones can be traced without consent)

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3
Q

What is a Business process?

A

A collection of events, activities and decisions that lead to an outcome that brings value to organisation’s customers.

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4
Q

What is Business Process Management?

A

A body of methods, techniques and tools to discover and analyze, redesign, execute and monitor BP.

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5
Q

Business Process categories:

A

1)Order-to-cash: Starts with a customer order and ends with delivery and payment.
2)Quote-to-order: Starts with the customer requesting a price quote and ends with the customer placing an order, precedes order-to-cash.
3)Procure-to-pay: Starts with a determination that a product needs to be purchased, and ends with delivery and payment.
4)Issue-to-resolution: Starts with the customer raising an issue (defective product), and continues until both parties agree that the issue has been resolved.
5)Application-to-approval: Starts with a request for a certain privilege, and ends with approval/denial.

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6
Q

BPM Lifecycle:

A

1)Process identification: problem is posed, results in process architecture as all the processes related are analyzed.
2)Process discovery: current state of each process is documented, results in “as-is process models”.
3)Process analysis: Identify issues with this “as-is model”. Results in collection of issues.
4)Process redesign: Identify changes that would resolve the issue. Results in redesigned process.
5)Process implementation: Prepeare and perform changes required to move from as-is to to-be process.
6)Process monitoring and controlling
Repeat.

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7
Q

IT hardware history:

A

1)Mainframe era (1959), IBM introduces a range of centralized data processing systems, replacing vacuum tubes with transistors.
2)1965 minicomputers were introduced, enabling decentralized computing.
3)Personal computing era (1981) IBM introduces PC (this is not the first though). Standalone system, no connection needed.
4)Client-server era (1983) started when the client-server model distinguishes between providers and requesters.

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8
Q

Moore’s law:

A

Chip performance per dollar roughly doubles every 18 months.

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9
Q

Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution:

A

1)Moore’s law and microprocessing power
2)Law of mass digital storage (Every year the amount of data stored doubles leading to decreased costs)
3)Metcalfe’s law and network economics (The value of network increases with the increase of users)
4)Declining communication costs over the Internet and telephone networks, due to the growth of internet.
5)Standards and network effects (Compatibility of products and network communications is established, leading to economies of scale and decline in price)

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10
Q

Components of IT infrastructure:

A

1)Computer hardware platforms (IBM),
2)Operating system platforms(Microsoft Windows),
3)Enterprise software applications(SAP),
4)Data management and storage (IBM DB2),
5)Networking and telecommunications (Microsoft Windows server)
6)Internet platforms (Apache),
7)Consulting system integration services (IBM, HP).

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11
Q

Future of computers:

A

1)Quantum computing (extends the binary universe)
2)Optical computers (using photons of electrons)
3)DNA computing (using DNA molecules for highly-parallelized computing)

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12
Q

What is Cloud computing and its advantages:

A

Refers to the provision of IT resources over the Internet.
Software and hardware are replaced over the Internet.

Advantages:
1)Reduces costs as Google and Apple provide a free development environment.
2)Increases flexibility for scaling as you can add more servers when there are more visitors.
Disadvantages:
1)May lead to higher long-term costs as it costs more the added space.
2)Dependence on providers (bankruptcy, disruptions).
3)Moving legacy systems to cloud could be costly.

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13
Q

Cloud computing services:

A

1) Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS): Builds the infrastructure of cloud-based technology. Allows users to instantly obtain or give up IT hardware resources. Offers the most customization, with firms choosing which products to install, and develop. (Amazon Web service)
2)PaaS (Platform): Helps developers build custom apps via an API that can be delivered over the cloud. (Google App engine)
3)SaaS(software): Global-based software which can be bought or sold. For example, email, calendar, office tools, etc.

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14
Q

Define the Internet:

A

A decentralized system of networks that links devices around the globe and enables data transmission among them.

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15
Q

Internet application transfer protocols:

A

1)HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) - for communication between web browsers and web servers
2)SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) - for email transmission
3)FTP(File transfer protocol) - for file transfers between clients and servers

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16
Q

Data objects:

A

physical or electronic information flowing in and out of activity. Represented by a folded paper in BPMN

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17
Q

Data perspective:

A

Indicates which information is needed to perform an activity or which artifacts are produced during an activity (BPMN cilindra sūds)

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18
Q

Finding resources on the Internet (components of links):

A

URL (uniform resource locator) - used to find resources on the internet (uniform=standardised)

HTTP(application transfer protocol)://www(Host name).nytimes(Domain name).com(top level domain)/pages/tech(path)/index.html(file)
HTML( HyperText Markup Language) is used to format websites (how web looks like).

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19
Q

What is IP(Internet protocol) address:

A

IP addresses are 32-bit numbers assigned to every device connected to the Internet, serves as a unique identifier.

IPv4 consists of 4 blocks ranging from 000 to 255. This allows 4.3 billion addresses, which was reached in 2015.
IPv6 uses 8 blocks. Adaption is slow as it is not backward compatible.

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20
Q

Define Domain Name service (DNS):

A

Serves as a phone book of the Internet. Takes domain and host as inputs and returns the IP address of the server providing the requested resource. Serious hacking issue.

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21
Q

What TCP (Transmission control protocol) and how it works:

A

Slices information that is to be sent to the source computer, IP routes these packages. TCP then at the target computer checks for completeness and reassembles packages.

Information is split and then reassembled because then only the part that has an error has to be resent not the whole file. Also, it can be sent through many routes and balanced.

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22
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence?

A

An attempt at building a computer system that thinks and acts like humans.
Grand vision: Presumes that computer systems are as smart as humans
Realistic vision: views AI as systems that take data inputs, process them, and produce outputs, while performing complex tasks, that can be too difficult for humans.

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23
Q

Expert systems:

A

Captures knowledge in a very specific domain of human expertise. They look at knowledge as a set of rules and perform limited tasks.

An example is when an engineer constructs rules from which the AI can diagnose malfunction, then the IT expert constructs

A user interface: The user’s query is received and sent to the inference engine
Inference engine: contains rules to solve the problem received.
Knowledge base: contains all the rules based on which the decisions are made.

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24
Q

Machine Learning:

A

Starts with a very large data set and enables the computer programs to learn from this data. Learns how to recognize patterns, and utilize this prior learning. An example is Facebook Ads and Netflix recommendations.

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25
Q

Neural Networks:

A

Inspired by the structure and functioning of the human brain. Their function is to find patterns and relationships in a large amount of data. The AI “learns” patterns by searching for relationships, building models for them, and correcting them continuously. Meanwhile, humans “train” by feeding data with known outputs.

For example, credit card users’ behavior is analyzed and flagged if considered unusual.

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26
Q

Limitations of Neural Networks and Machine Learning:

A

1)Both require very large datasets
2)Some patterns may require human judgment
3)Often large datasets are not available, as the decision does not have many inputs
4)It is difficult to understand how the system arrives to the solutions
5)AI has no sense for ethics

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27
Q

Genetic Algorithms:

A

The main goal of this AI is to find the optimal solution for a problem by examining a large number of solutions.

Solves optimization problems by changing variables and arriving at the best solution fast, for example, cost minimization, scheduling, and designs.
Furthermore searches for solution variables based on evolutionary processes.

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28
Q

Natural language processing:

A

This AI has the ability to understand, speak, read in natural language, and translate it. Examples are Google Translate, Siri, etc.
Useful in a limited amount of fields, however, for example, helps communicate with car’s heating system.

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29
Q

Computer vision systems:

A

Digital image systems which create a map of an image, which then allows to recognize these images in a large database. For example, Facebook DeepFace, which identifies faces across systems.

30
Q

Robotics:

A

Involves designing, constructing, and operating machines that can substitute for humans. In-home context vacuums substitute certain actions, in factory level welding machines and assembly.

31
Q

Intelligent agents:

A

Works without human intervention and their function is to carry out repetitive tasks. Limited knowledge base, which is learned or built-in. For example, chatbots that delete junk emails.

32
Q

Use of AI at work:

A

1)Engage in task coordination - for example, for uber the AI assigns rides and communicates with customers
2)Exercise soft surveillance: through data collection Uber drivers are tracked, to monitor working hours and behavior.
3)Reward or punish the workforce.

Risks:
It can nudge workers to behave in a certain way, which may have bad repercussions. It can be done through surge prices or psychological levers. AI can be biased also in recruitment if it learns from past data. AI also lacks transparency, thus decisions are hard to interpret. And it also involves security risks and ethical concerns.

33
Q

AI in recruitment:

A

1) Resume screening and sorting
2) Scheduling interviews and answering common questions.
3)Using predictive analytics for analyzing past decisions.
4)Can analyze video interviews - facial expressions and tone.
5)Matching candidates with jobs.

34
Q

Organization from technical perspective:

A

Formal social structure with internal rules and procedures that processes resources from the environment to produce outputs.
1) Inputs - captures or collects raw data within the organisation or external environment
2) Processing - converts this raw input into a meaningful form
3) Output - transfers the processed information to the people who use it.

35
Q

Organization from behavioral perspective:

A

Organization can be understood as a collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that is delicately balanced over time through conflict and conflict resolution.

36
Q

What is collaboration?

A

Working with others to achieve explicit goals, focuses on task/mission accomplishment and is usually from within organization or between businesses.

37
Q

Why is collaboration so important?

A

1) Changing nature of work: jobs require much closer communication among the parties while providing service or producing
2) Changing culture of work and business: research shows that diverse teams provide better output than individuals. People also want to be more independent and heard.
3) Growth of professional work “interaction jobs”: To get work done jobs require educated employees that share information and opinions
4) Changing organization of the firm: hierarchy becomes flatter and thus more teams are collaborating and information is bein exchanged rather than given down from the higher levels.
5) Emphasis on innovation
6) Changing scope of the firm: company can be active in many locations, thus, requiring collaboration between these different locations.

38
Q

What is Social business?

A

It refers to the use of social networking to engage employees, customers, and suppliers, to reach out to key partners, and overall share information. The main aspect is conversations.

39
Q

Benefits of collaboration:

A

1) Productivity: fewer errors. People working together capture more knowledge and solve problems better.
2) Quality: can communicate errors, and correct actions faster. Can help reduce time delays in design and production.
3) Innovation: more innovative ideas working together. Because of diversity and the “wisdom of crowds”.
4) Customer service: can solve customer complaints faster and more effectively working together.
5) Financial performance: As a result of all the above-mentioned benefits firms have superior sales and growth.

40
Q

Collaboration framework:

A

Space/time matrix is helpful for selecting collaboration tools:
* Same time(synchronous) + Same place(colocated): face-to-face interactions (decision rooms, shared table, wall displays)
* Same time(synchronous) + different place(remote): Remote interactions (video conferencing, instant messaging, shared screens)
* Different time(asynchronous) + same place(colocated): Continous task (teams rooms, large public displays, project management)
* Asynchronous + remote: Communication + coordination (e-mail, bulletin boards, blogs, group calendars, wikis)

41
Q

Transaction Cost Theory:

A

Firms seek to economize on TC usually through vertical integration, hiring employees, and buying. However, IT lowers TC as companies benefit from transactions with other companies rather than expanding and buying.

42
Q

Agency theory:

A

IT can reduce agency costs as companies can grow now without extra employees. Supervising becomes also easier and cheaper.

43
Q

IT-enabled strategies to handle Porters forces:

A

1) Low-cost leadership (systems used to minimize costs)
2) Product differentiation (systems enable new products or change customers’ perceptions)
3) Focus on a market niche (systems enable to serve a narrow target group)
4) Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy.

44
Q

The hierarchy of data in database:

A

1)Field: represents individual characteristics of an entity.
2)Record: a group of fields to describe a single instance of an entity (rows)
3)File: a collection of records, also called a table
4)Database: a collection of files.

45
Q

SQL command categories:

A

1)Data Definition Language (DDL): creating, deleting, and altering databases and tables.
2) Data Manipulation Language (DML): retrieving, inserting, changing, and deleting tuples/records.
3)Data Control Language (DCL): user and permission management (access).

46
Q

SQL Formulas:

A

Atkārto pats

47
Q

What is SQL normalization?

A

The process of streamlining complex groups of redundant data. Allows to minimize redundant data, and increases the flexibility of a dataset.

48
Q

1NF:

A

1)Atomic value - the value of columns cannot be split into distinct parts
2)Each record contains only one value.

49
Q

2NF:

A

1)It satisfies 1NF
2)In case there is a composite primary key, a non-key attribute must depend on all components of the key.

50
Q

3NF:

A

1) Satisfies 2NF
2) no transitive dependencies (attributes may not be functionally dependent on other non-key attributes)

51
Q

What is a transaction processing system?

A

A system that records data on fundamental operations within the company, then saves and stores in the database.

52
Q

What are systems for business intelligence?

A

Serves as an output from information gathered by TPS (transaction processing system).

Types of systems:
1) Management information system (MIS): serves middle management, provide answers to routine questions, with predefined procedures for answering them.
2)Decision support system (DSS): serves middle management, non-routine decision-making. May use external information but also MIS.
3)Executive support system (ESS): senior management, addresses non-routine questions, requiring judgment and evaluation. Incorporates external info (such as new tax regulations) as well as DSS and MIS.

53
Q

What are Enterprise applications, and what types:

A

Applications that span over multiple function areas in a firm and aid them.

1) Enterprise systems: aim at consolidating data collected and processed in various departments by TPS. Creates centralized database.

2) Supply chain management (SCM): provides an overview of the value chain. The flow of the materials, deliveries, and inventories. Enables demand planning, optimizes sourcing, and manufacturing plans, establishes inventory plans, transportation modes, calculates bullwhip effect (distorted info about demand passing from entity to entity).

3)Customer Relationship Management system (CRM): integrates customer data to be used by departments. Focus to build relationship with end customers.

4)Knowledge Management system (KMS): processes for capturing and applying knowledge. Collects information and makes it available when necessary.

54
Q

Data warehouses:

A

store TPS across all organisation. Data is consolidated and standardized through data warehousing, it usually cannot be altered.

55
Q

Data marts:

A

Subsets of data stored in warehouses. Contain highly focused portion of organizations data. Designed for specific problem for specific departments. Also use external data.

56
Q

Data lakes:

A

Store information that will go into the warehouse in an unstandardized way.

57
Q

Data cubes:

A

Also known as OLAP!! Aggregated and summarised data are used for analysis, these special databases are called data cubes. Much quicker to run a query than in the original database.

58
Q

Data mining:

A

Specific algorithms to identify hidden patterns in and to fit models to large data sets.

59
Q

Data cubes:

A

Aggregated and summarised data are used for analysis, these special databases are called data cubes. Much quicker to run a query than in the original database.

60
Q

Associations:

A

Certain attribute values that frequently occur together (for example rain as weather and umbrella as a purchase). Market basket analysis is applied, identifying the products customers buy together.

61
Q

Association rule mining:

A

Seeks to identify the most frequent affinities amongst items.
Support: the fraction of purchases that contain product x
Confidence: the fraction or share of transactions that contain Y among X transactions.

62
Q

What is Big data and four V’s:

A

Data mining due to the huge amounts of information available nowadays creates Big Data. Big Data four V’s:
1)Volume: the sample size of the dataset that needs to be processed.
2)Velocity: the speed with which the new data is generated and needs to be processed.
3)Variety: the different formats and features of data that need to be processed.
4)Veracity: the reliability of data.

63
Q

The black box method:

A

No external variables are used to arrive to the output.

64
Q

Electronic commerce:

A

Uses the internet to transact business. Development began in 1995.

Social: social media as a form of advertising. Creates the influencer concept.

Mobile: mobile applications for communication with customers.

Local: e-commerce leverages location data.

65
Q

E-commerce differences:

A

1) Ubiquity: have access to everything on the internet, every business from every place
2)Global reach: not bound to stores on location
3) Universal standards: enabling requirement for e-commerce to exist. For instance, internet standards (the same for everyone).
4) Richness: It is not just buying, it includes social media, videos, and messaging. Encompasses not only purchasing but everything.
5) Interactivity: Ability to interact with customers
6) Information density: more information available, thus lower price and better transparency.
7) Personalization/customization: modifications of web stores, which compared to physical stores are cheaper.
8) Social technology: promotes user content and social networking.

66
Q

Disintermediation:

A

The idea is that through e-commerce business gets easier in touch with customers, not many middle steps anymore.

67
Q

M-Commerce:

A

Mobile commerce through devices and apps, the fastest-growing form of e-commerce.

68
Q

Business models vs Revenue models:

A

BM: Portal, E-teiler, Content provider, Transaction broker, Market creator, Service provider, etc.
RM: Advertising, Sales, Subscription, Transaction fee, Affiliate.

69
Q

Positive network effect:

A

Metcalfe’s law: the value of the network is proportional to users (n) squared. Each user drives the value of network up. For example, collaborative filtering (better recommendations in Netflix)

70
Q

Negative network effect:

A

Congestions effect: additional user decreases value. Similar to traffic jams. Bandwidth usage.

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