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Gen Med: GI > Biliary Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Biliary Tract Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cholelithiasis ?

A

1 or more calculi (gallstones) in the gallbladder

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2
Q

Risk Factors: Cholelithiasis

A 
Female gender
Fat
Forty
Fertile
Native Indian ethnicity
Western diet
(+) FH
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3
Q

Pathophysiology : Cholelithiasis

A

Cholesterol stones account for 85% of gallstones
Form from bile that’s supersaturated (sludge) w/cholesterol produced by liver

Crystals or “microstones” are formed, then form into larger stones

Stone may be “silent” or become lodged in cystic duct or CBD, causing pain & cholecystitis

Stones can fill the entire gallbladder

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4
Q

Cholelithiasis : Black pigment stones

A
  1. Small & hard
    A. Ca bilirubinate & inorganic Ca salts
    B. Form w/alcoholic liver disease, chronic hemolysis, & older age
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5
Q

Cholelithiasis :

Brown pigment stones

A
  1. Soft & greasy
    A. Bilirubinate & fatty acids
    B. Form during infection, inflammation, and parasitic infestation
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6
Q

Signs & Symptoms : Cholelithiasis

A
  1. 80% asymptomatic
  2. +/- N/V
  3. Biliary colic
    A. Most common
    B. Sudden onset RUQ pain w/radiation to back or right shoulder/arm, ↑ intensity w/in 15-60 min, steady intensity (not colicky) up to 12 h (usually < 6 h), then gradually disappears over 30-90 min, leaving dull ache
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7
Q

Diagnostic Studies : Cholelithiasis

A
  1. Ultrasonography
    A. Method of choice for detecting gallstones
    B. 95% sensitivity & specificity
  2. Cholescintigraphy (HIDA scan w/EF)
    A. If needed
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8
Q

Prognosis : Cholelithiasis

A

Once biliary symptoms begin, they’re likely to recur

Pain returns in 20-40% of patients/year

1-2% of patients/yr develop complications

  • Cholecystitis
  • Choledocholithiasis
  • Cholangitis
  • Gallstone pancreatitis
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9
Q

Treatment : Cholelithiasis

A
  1. Cholecystectomy for symptomatic stones

A. Laparoscopic or open laparotomy

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10
Q

Surgical Landmarks : What is Calot’s Triangle?

A
  • Cystic Duct
  • Common Hepatic Duct
  • Margin of Liver
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11
Q

Surgical Landmarks: What is Mascagni’s (Lund’s) Lymph Node?

A
  1. Sentinel lymph node of the gallbladder

2. ↑ in size incholecystitis& cholangitis

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12
Q

Treatment : Cholelithiasis

A
  1. Stone dissolution
    A. Gallstones dissolved by oral bile acids over months

B. Candidates

  • Pt who declines surgery
  • High surgical risk
  • Small, radiolucent stones (likely cholesterol)

C. Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodiol) 8-10 mg/kg/day po
-Dissolves 80% of tiny stones (< 0.5 cm) w/in 6 mo

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13
Q

What is Acute Cholecystitis ?

A
  1. Inflammation of gallbladder 2° to gallstone obstructing cystic duct
    A. Develops over hours
  2. Most common complication of cholelithiasis
  3. 95% of patients w/acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis
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14
Q

Signs & Symptoms : Acute Cholecystitis

A
  1. Similar to biliary colic but lasts longer & more severe
  2. Vomiting is common
  3. Fever (low grade)
  4. Right subcostal tenderness
  5. (+) Murphy’s sign
    - Guarding

Sx’s begin to subside in 2-3 days & resolve w/in 1 wk in 85% of patients

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15
Q

Signs & Symptoms in Elderly: Acute Cholecystitis

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Vomiting
  3. Malaise
  4. Weakness
  5. +/- fever
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16
Q

Complications : Acute Cholecystitis

A
  1. 10% perforate
    A. Peritonitis
  2. ↑ pain, high fever, rigors, & rebound tenderness or ileus suggest:
    A. Empyema (pus in the gallbladder)
    B. Gangrene
    C. Perforation
  3. When sx’s accompanied by jaundice, CBD obstruction is likely
    A. Due to stones or inflammation
  4. Mirizzi’s syndrome
    A. Rare
    B. Gallstone impacted in cystic duct or Hartman’s pouch, compresses & obstructs CBD → cholestasis (jaundice)
  5. Gallstone pancreatitis
    A. Gallstones pass from gallbladder into CBD block pancreatic duct
  6. Cholecystoenteric fistula
    A. Rare
    B. Large stone erodes thru gallbladder wall, creating a fistula into small bowel
17
Q

Diagnostic Studies : Acute Cholecystitis

A
  1. Labs
    A. Leukocytosis w/ L shift
    B. Bilirubin up to 4 mg/dL & mildly elevated alkaline phos
  2. Ultrasonography
    A. Best test to detect gallstones
    B. Pericholecystic fluid or thickening of the GB wall → acute inflammation
  3. Cholescintigraphy (HIDA scan)
    A. If USN results are equivocal or (-) & ↑ suspicion
    B. Failure of the radionuclide to fill GB → obstructed cystic duct
    C. Low EF → GB dysfunction
18
Q

Treatment : Acute Cholecystitis

A
  1. Hospital admission, IV fluids, & analgesia w/ketorolac (Toradal) or opioid
  2. NPO
  3. NG tube to suction if vomiting or ileus present
  4. IV antibiotics for possible infection
    A. Empiric Tx [gram (-) enteric organisms]
    - IV ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 2 g q 24h
    +
    -IV Metronidazole (Flagyl) 500 mg q 8h
    OR
    -IV piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) 4 g q 6h alone
  5. Cholecystectomy
    A. Early cholecystectomy preferred
    - In 1st 24-48 h IF:
    (Dx clear & low surgical risk,
    Elderly or diabetic & higher risk of infectious complications,
    Empyema, gangrene, perforation, or acalculous cholecystitis)
19
Q

What is Cholangitis ?

A
  1. CBD blocked & infection occurs backing up into the liver
    A. Can block the hepatic or common bile ducts & force bile into the circulation → jaundice
  2. MEDICAL EMERGENCY
  3. Defined by “CHARCOT’S TRIAD”
    A. RUQ pain
    B. Fever
    C. Jaundice
20
Q

Pathophysiology : Cholangitis

A
  1. Choledocholithiasis
  2. Biliary tract manipulations/interventions & stents more common cause
  3. Hepatobiliary malignancies less common cause
  4. Most common anaerobic organism- Bacteroides fragilis
21
Q

Diagnostic Studies : Cholangitis

A
  1. Ultrasonography
  2. CBC w/diff
    A. Leukocytosis w/L shift
  3. LFT’s
    A. Hyperbilirubinemia
    B. ↑ alkaline phos
  4. Blood cultures
22
Q

Treatment : Cholangitis

A
  1. IV antibiotic therapy
    A. IV ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 2 g q 24h Gm (-)
    +
    B. IV metronidazole (Flagyl) 500 mg q 8h anearobes
    +
    C. IV ampicillin 4 g q 6h Gm (+)
    OR
    D. IV Fluoroquinolone (Cipro or Levaquin)
  2. If severe or toxic cholangitis
    A. May require emergency biliary drainage
  3. Diagnostic & therapeutic purposes (drainage)
  4. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
  5. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
    A. Needle inserted through skin at R subcostal area, guide-wire passed through liver & into the blockage in the bile duct
    B. Stent placed
  6. Eventual cholecystectomy if candidate
23
Q

Chronic Cholecystitis : Characteristics

A
  1. Long-standing gallbladder inflammation almost always due to gallstones
  2. Damage ranges from modest chronic inflammatory cells to a fibrotic, shrunken gallbladder
  3. Extensive calcification due to fibrosis is called porcelain gallbladder
24
Q

Signs & Symptoms : Chronic Cholecystitis

A
  1. Gallstones intermittently obstruct cystic duct causing recurrent biliary colic
  2. Generally mild sx’s
  3. RUQ tenderness may be present, but no fever
  4. Fever suggests acute cholecystitis
  5. Once episodes begin, they are likely to recur
25
Q

Diagnostic Studies : Chronic Cholecystitis

A
  1. Ultrasonography
    A. Suspected in patients w/recurrent biliary colic + gallstones
    B. Shows gallstones and sometimes a shrunken, fibrotic gallbladder
26
Q

Treatment : Chronic Cholecystitis

A
  1. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

2. Low fat diet until surgery

27
Q

Characteristics: Gallbladder Cancer

A
  • ↑ risk in 6th-7th decades
  • Female > Male (3:1)
  • 95% associated w/ gallstones
  • 6x more common in Native Americans
  • 22% increased risk if “porcelain GB” or calcified wall is seen on U/S
  • > 90% are Adenocarcinoma
  • Symptoms same as cholecystitis
  • Chemo has less than a 40% response rate
  • 5 years survival is 5%
  • Mean life expectancy 6-8 months

Gen Med: GI (9 decks)

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