Biliary Dz Flashcards
What is the function of Bile?
- Digestion and absorption of fats
- Excretion of bilirubin
- Excretion of cholesterol
- Excretion of metabolic by-products
Who is Cholelithiasis MC in?
- Native Americans
- Hispanics
- Caucasians
What are the most common type of gallstones?
Cholesterol stones
What is the MC presentation of Cholelithiasis?
ASX
How will a pt present with cholelithiasis IF they are symptomatic?
Biliary colic
US findings in Cholelithiasis
- Gallstones
- Wall thickening
- Pericholecystic fluid
- “Shadowing”
SYMPOTOMATIC Cholelithiasis treatment
Cholelithiasis + Biliary Colic= Cholecystectomy
Define Biliary Colic
TEMPORARY obstruction of cystic duct
Biliary Colic etiology
Gallstones
Biliary Colic clinical presentation
“GB Attack” Following a fatty meal
- Dull, constant RUQ pain
- +/- Radiation to shoulder
- N/V, diaphoresis
- Temporary sx’s: 4-6 hrs
Biliary Colic PEx findings
Basically Negative:
- NO jaundice
- Negative Murphy’s sign
Lab findings in Biliary Colic
NORMAL
US findings in Biliary Colic
Gallstone and/or Sludge causing temporary cystic duct obstruction
Biliary Colic Tx
Prophylactic Cholecystectomy
When should you consider Biliary Dyskinesia?
In pt’s with typical biliary colic who:
- Negative US: NO gallstones or sludge
- Normal labs: CBC, LFT’s, amylase, lipase
What is the imaging of choice in suspected Biliary Dyskinesia?
HIDA Scan w/ CCK
Who do you NOT give CCK (given with HIDA scan) to?
Pt with suspected Gallstones
When is a Cholecystectomy recommended in Biliary Dyskinesia?
- Typical Biliary sx’s
- HIDA scan w/ CCK EF: <35-40%
- Ruled out other diagnosis
Define Cholecystitis
Acue inflammation of GB d/t sustained obstruction of cystic duct: Cholesterol stones MCly
Acute Cholecystitis si/sx’s
- Steady, severe RUQ pain
- +/- radiation to shoulder/flank
- Following fatty meal
- N/V, diaphoresis
- FEVER
- Persistent sx’s: >4-6 hrs
- h/o biliary colic
Acute Cholecystitis PEx findings
- RUQ tenderness
- Positive Murphy’s
- Fever
- Tachycardia
- NO jaundice
Acute Cholecystitis complications
- Gangrene: 20%
- Perforation
- Generalized peritonitis
- Gallstone ileus
- Cholecystoenteric fistula
Acute Cholecystitis lab findings
- Elevated WBC w/ left shift
2. UA: Elevated urobilinogen
What is the INITIAL diagnostic imaging of choice in Acute Cholecystitis?
US
US findings in Acute Cholecystitis
- Gallstones
- Wall thickening: >4-5 mm
- Pericholecystic fluid
- Sonographic Murphy’s sign
What imaging is used to CONFIRM the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis?
HIDA Scan: Failure of GB to fill in setting of cystic duct obstruction
Acute Cholecystitis management
- Early Cholecystectom: Recommended in healthy, low risk pt’s (ASA class I and II)
- IV Abx (+/-): Ciprofloxacin + Metronidazole
Acute Cholecystitis management in HIGH risk pt’s (ASA III, IV, V)
- Supportive therapy
- Consult Specialist: Surgery, pulmonologist for surgical clearance
- Percutaneous cholecystectomy tube for decompression: If medical therapy fails
Who is Acalculous Cholecystitis common in? Prognosis?
Critically Ill patients
Worse prognosis
What is Acalculous Cholecystitis associated with?
- Stasis
2. Ischemia
Acalculous Cholecystitis presentation
- NO gallstones
2. +/- Jaundice
Acalculous Cholecystitis treatment
- Cholecystectomy vs. Cholecystostomy
- Blood cultures
- Broda spectrum Abx
Define Choledocolithiasis
Stone in common bile duct (CBD)
Choledocolithiasis clinical presentation
- Asx
- RUQ or Epigastric pain
- Jaundice: Tea colored urine, light colored stools, pruritus
- Hx biliary colic
Choledocolithiasis PEx findings in uncomplicated dz
- Jaundice
- Sclereal Icterus
- +/- RUQ tenderness
- NO peritoneal signs
- NO fever
Uncomplicated Choledocolithiasis lab findings
- Elevated conjugated bilirubin
2. Elevated alk. phosph
INITIAL imaging of choice in Choledocolithiasis? Findings?
US: CBD stone, Dilated CBD, gallstones in GB
imaging of choice to CONFIRM Choledocolithiasis
MRCP
What is the preferred therapeutic test in the treatment of Choledocolithiasis?
ERCP:
- Remove stones
- Insert stent
- Sphincterectomy
- CCY follows
Complications of imaging of choice in Choledocolithiasis
- Cholangitis
2. Pancreatitis
Define Ascending Cholangitis
ascending INFECTION from duodenum of biliary tract: MCly CBD
associated with CBD stone
Ascending Cholangitis acute presentation
Charcot’s Triad:
- Fever/chills
- RUQ pain
- Jaundice
What is Reynold’s Pentad?
Charcots + Hypotension (shock) + AMS
50% mortality rate
Lab findings in Ascending Cholangitis
- Marked Leukocytosis; >20,000
- Elevated conjugated bilirubin
- Elevated Alk Phos
- UA: elated urobilinogen
Ascending Cholangitis management
- ERCP w/ sphincterectomy and stone extraction
2. Follow with CCY
Who does Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) the MC in?
Females
Ages 35-60
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis etiology
Autoimmune destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts
What can Primary Biliary Cirrhosis lead to?
- Cirrhosis
2. Liver Failure
What are the main presenting sx’s in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
- Fatigue
2. Pruritus: BEFORE the jaundice
other presenting sx’s in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
- RUQ pain
- Hepatomegaly
- Arthritis
- Skin hyperpigmentation
- Xanthomas
- CREST sx: Calcinosis, Raynauds, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasias
LFT findings in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
Cholestatic pattern
- Elevated Alk phos
- Elevated conjugated bilirubin: later in dz
- Elevated GGT*
What is the hallmark lab finding in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
+ AMA (Anti-mitochrondrial antibody)
What do you need to CONFIRM Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
Liver Bx
What is another condition/disorder found in 50% of pt’s with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
Hyperlipidemia
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis management?
Urso
What do you want to make sure to monitor in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis? Why?
Bone density: DEXA d/t increased risk of osteoporosis
Who does Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) MC in?
Men
What condition do over 75% of patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis also have?
IBD: Ulcerative Colitis
Median survival following Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis dx?
10-12 yrs
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Complications
- Biliary Stricture
- Cholangitis
- CA: GB, Colon, Cholangiocarcinoma
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) clinical presentation?
- Fatigue
- PruritIs AFTER jaundice
- Steatorrhea
What is the preferred imaging in the diagnosis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)? Why?
ERCP: both diagnostic and therapeutic
MRCP findings in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Multifocal stricturing w/ intrahepatic/extrahepatic ductal dilation
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Management
ERCP: Biliary ductal dilation or stenting
What do you want to make sure to monitor in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)? Why?
Bone density d/t osteoporosis
Define Gilbert Syndrome
Deficiency in enzyme for glucuronidation of bilirubin in liver (conjugation)
When should you suspect Gilbert Syndrome?
UNCONJUGATED hyperbilirubinemia in the ABSENCE of hemolysis= normal CBC, blood smear, reticulocyte count
Normal LFTS
What makes up 50% of biliary tract CA?
GB CA
RF’s for GB CA?
- Cholelithiasis
- GB polyps >1 cm
- Salmonellla infxn
What is the main presenting sx in Cholangiocarcinoma?
Jaundice!
Lab findings in Cholangiocarcinoma?
Cholestatis-Obstructive pattersn
- Elevated conjugated bilirubin
- Elevated alk phos
- Elevated CA 19-9
What is Ampulla CA associated with?
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
2. Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon CA (HNPCC)
What is the MC presenting sx in Ampulla CA?
Obstructive Jaundice
Other presenting sx’s in Ampulla CA
- Occult GIB with microcytic anemia
2. Abdominal pain