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Biology > Big to small: cells, kingdoms, biological molecules > Flashcards

Big to small: cells, kingdoms, biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

circulatory system

A

transports waste around the body

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2
Q

respiratory system

A

takes oxygen into the body

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3
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down and absorbs food

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4
Q

nervous system

A

detects the environment, controls the body

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5
Q

reproductive system

A

produces new individuals

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6
Q

skeletal system

A

allows movement

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7
Q

excretory system

A

removes waste from the body

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8
Q

Which organelles are only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activity of the cell (by making proteins)

Contains the chromosomes-strands of DNA which carry the genes(each gene codes for a protein)

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10
Q

cell membrane

A

Boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings. Controls what substances enter and leave the cell (selectively permeable)

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration, producing ATP (energy carrier molecule)

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesise (assemble) proteins from amino acids

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorb light energy and use it to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis, making biological molecules for plant cells

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose(a carbohydrate) in plants. Helps to keep plant cells in a fixed shape (and so keeps the plant upright)

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16
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with a watery liquid called cell sap; stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances.

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17
Q

main sugar humans need for energy

A

glucose

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18
Q

word equation for respiration (aerobic)

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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19
Q

balanced symbol equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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20
Q

word equation of anaerobic respiration in mammals

A

glucose –> lactic acid (+2ATPs)

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21
Q

word equation of anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ATP)

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22
Q

cells

A

are the smallest functional unit of life and contain a number of organelles, structures that carry out specific processes the cells needs to survive.

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23
Q

tissues

A

are groups of similar cells, which work together to carry out the same function (job). An example in humans is muscle tissue.

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24
Q

organs

A

are made up of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function. In humans, muscle is one of the tissues making up the heart.

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25
Q

organ systems

A

are made up of several different organs working together to carry out a complex function essential to life (e.g. circulating blood around the body).

26
Q

specialised cells

A

cells which have the structures and proteins needed to carry out a specific job in the organism. e.g red blood cells, sperm cells, palisade leaf cells.

27
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

28
Q

what are the smallest units of carbohydrates?

A

simple sugars e.g. glucose and fructose

29
Q

What is starch used for?

A

To store glucose in plants

30
Q

What is glycogen used for?

A

To store glucose in animals and fungi

31
Q

Why are starch and glycogen better storage molecules?

A

They are less soluble than simple sugars and so have less effect on water movement in and out of cells.

32
Q

What are fats (lipids) made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule

33
Q

Functions of fats:

A

energy storage, thermal insulation, buoyancy

34
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

amino acids joined together

35
Q

Functions in the body of proteins:

A

structural molecules
controlling chemical reactions
combatting disease - antibodies

36
Q

Benedict’s solution - test for reducing sugars (glucose)

A
  1. Add Benedict’s solution to a sample of food (in solution)
  2. Place in a water bath at 80°C for 5 minutes.
  3. If a reducing sugar is present the colour will change from blue to brick
    red. If it is green, yellow, or orange it is still a positive result but will have
    a lower concentration of the sugar.
37
Q

Iodine - test for starch

A
  1. Add a few drops of orange iodine solution to the sample on a spotting
    tile.
  2. A blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch.
38
Q

Biuret - test for protein

A
  1. Add 2cm3 water to a food sample and shake (If not already liquid)
  2. Add an equal volume of dilute potassium hydroxide and shake.
  3. Add two drops of 1% copper sulfate solution.
  4. If protein is present then a pale purple colour will develop.
39
Q

Emulsion - test for lipids

A
  1. The food sample is placed in a test tube
  2. Add a small volume of absolute ethanol and shake to dissolve any lipid in
    the alcohol.
  3. Add an equal volume of water.
  4. A cloudy white colour (caused by an emulsion forming) indicates the
    presence of lipid.
40
Q

Enzymes are biological catalysts. What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a chemical which increases the rate of a reaction without being used up itself in the reaction

41
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a short section of DNA within a chromosome - it codes for a specific protein (which gives us characteristics)

42
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a straight (linear) strand of DNA. Most cells contain pairs of chromosomes - two strands with the same genes

43
Q

What is the genome?

A

The genome is the total DNA of an organism - coding for all its characteristics

44
Q

DNA is the chemical which contains..

A

the information for making proteins - it contains the instructions for all the structures and reactions needed in the cells of an organism.

45
Q

DNA is a double stranded molecule made of…

A

two chains of nucleotides. The strands coil to form a double helix.

46
Q

What is a nucleotide formed of?

A

A sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

47
Q 
The four bases are:
Adenine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

48
Q

Thymine always pairs with..

A

Adenine

49
Q

Cytosine always pairs with..

A

Guanine

50
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protoctista, bacteria

51
Q

Which of the five kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

plants
animals
fungi
protoctista

52
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms whose cells contain a proper nucleus.

53
Q

Which kingdom does not have a nucleus or mitochondria?

A

Bacteria

54
Q

Which kingdoms have chloroplasts?

A

Plant cells

Protoctists (some)

55
Q

Are the kingdoms multi or single cellular?

A 
animals- multi
plants- multi
fungi- both
protoctista- both
bacteria- single
56
Q

examples of bacteria

A

thiobacillus novellis

listeria moncytogens

57
Q

examples of protoctista

A

chlorella
amoeba - feed on other living organisms
plasmodium - causes malaria

58
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

Singe-celled organisms that don’t have a proper nucleus.

instead the genetic material is in the cytoplasm

59
Q

What is a virus?

A

viruses are a strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. they are not cells and are not alive.

60
Q

What do virus cells have to do to reproduce?

A

They have to enter a host cell

They take over the ribosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles

Biology (14 decks)

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